Monday, February 6, 2012
Saturday, February 4, 2012
2-Dim Helium Honeycombs Lattices
One might have thought that only carbon with it's stable sp2 bonds is the only way to get a honeycomb lattice. Observations dating back to 1934 show otherwise. Helium is more like carbon than people generally believe. Aren't self organizing crystals wonderful? I save this abstract to remind myself to buy the article if I am ever rich enough. One pays taxes all ones life, but cannot even read the fruit of the research one is paying for.
Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 795–798 (1979)
Evidence for a Liquid-to-Crystal Phase Transition in a Classical, Two-Dimensional Sheet of Electrons
Received 17 January 1979; published in the issue dated 19 March 1979
Experimental evidence is presented for an electron-liquid to electron-crystal phase transition in a sheet of electrons on a liquid-He surface. The phase transition has been studied for electron areal densities from 3×108 cm-2 to 9×108cm-2 and has yielded melting temperatures between 0.35 and 0.65 K. The phase transition occurs at Γ=137±15, where Γ is a measure of the ratio of potential energy to kinetic energy per electron.
© 1979 The American Physical Society
URL:
http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.42.795
DOI:
10.1103/PhysRevLett.42.795
PACS:
Wednesday, February 1, 2012
Saturday, January 28, 2012
Avoiding Junk Food
An example of good nutritional advice:
An example of bad nutritional advice:
The real reason people are obese is that they cannot tell the difference.
- One way to get proper nutrition is through imitation.
- There is obviously no to get an education in nutrition equivalent to someone who has researched it for a lifetime.
- Some researchers are recognized as the leading researchers.
- Some researchers apply what they preach in their own life.
- Some researchers are demonstrably healthy.
- My conclusion from all of this is that imitating them is the best way to pursue healthy nutrition. The following video is the best example of this that I could find. If anyone has a better example, please comment. I would appreciate knowing.
The Future of Montana
I have met many wonderful people from Montana. What interested me about this video is the remarks about Montana.
Friday, January 27, 2012
Collisions with Comets
- There is evidence to suggest that the surface of some comets might contain carbon fullerenes filled with helium-3 and argon. There is also evidence indicating that the upper layer of the coma has temperatures of about 2.5 million degrees. This suggests that in the event of a collision with of the comet with something, these layers might mix producing a nuclear reaction. That much seems obvious to me, but I have not seen any conjectures about the possibility. Hopefully, the Threat Assessment Board has had the National Labs look into it. The carbon fullerenes filled with helium-3 and argon could easily be send to the Labs to explore this. The telltale fullerenes containing helium and argon were extracted from sites in Japan, China and Hungary, where the sedimentary layer at the boundary between the Permian and Triassic periods had been exposed. They have been found all over the U.S.A. in the layer dating to 10,900 B.C. They were also found in the debris from the June 30, 1908 explosion in Tunguska, Siberia. The nanodiamonds encased in carbon do not come from the comet, but rather from tree sap that was vaporized in the oxygen free environment of the explosion.
- It has been theorized that 10,900 B.C. event broke up the ice sheet diverting runoff water flow north quickly cooling the oceans by switching of the north Atlantic drift current. In the Permian boundary event, it is theorized that this might have cracked the Earth’s crust causing continent wide volcanic eruptions cooling the Earth over a long period. Perhaps the rapid cooling prevented the total extinction of animals.
Thursday, January 26, 2012
Comets
Some comets were discovered by looking for their X-ray
spectrum. About 2000 comets have been
discovered in total. The X-ray spectrum of a comet arises from bremsstrahlung
occurring in the thin corona boundary (bow shock) of the atmosphere (usually,
called the coma) of the comet. The corona is oriented toward the sun. The spectrum corresponds to a temperature of
2.5 million degrees. The corresponding effect in the corona of the sun
represents a temperature of 2 million degrees. This spectrum of the comet and sun is
dominated by the ions, i.e., protons, alphas, oxygen ions, etc., emitted from the sun rather than the composition the
corona.
Comets have two tails. The
bluish one, mostly outside human visual range, is generated by the pressure of
the solar wind on Comet's magnetosphere. The yellowish white one is generated from
dust, carbon dioxide and other volatiles emitted from jets.
Comets may have exploded in the vicinity of the earth. Fullerenes containing noble gases including
helium-3 and argon have been discovered in the debris layers arising from the major
terrestrial explosions thought to have due to comets. The nonterrestrial isotopic composition of the
debris is the reason that the debris is attributed to comets. Ten years ago, water was found trapped within
salt crystals in a meteorite. There were
bubbles trapped in the water. We are
still waiting for someone for someone to analyze the gas in the bubbles. Amino acids have also been detected in meteorites.
Wednesday, January 25, 2012
Proton Capture and p-n Reactions
I was wondering what those 6-7 MEV protons observed by Piantelli would do, since they is much lower than the 14.2 MeV thought to be required for capture. Even if it just a side effect, it is worth knowing. I found this article which seems to provide some answers and may be worth buying:
Received 14 October 1938; published in the issue dated December 1938
Phys. Rev. 54, 1021–1025 (1938)
Proton Induced Radioactivities II. Nickel and Copper Targets
Nickel bombarded with 6.3-Mev protons shows activities of half-lives of 10.5±0.6 min., 3.4±0.3 hr., and 12.8±0.8 hr., corresponding to known periods of Cu62, Cu61 and Cu64, respectively. The reactions are principally of the p-n type but there is evidence that in the case of Cu62 proton capture occurs at energies below the p-n threshold. The maximum β-ray energies obtained by absorption method are 2.8, 1.2 and 0.68 Mev for Cu62, Cu61 and Cu64, respectively. Thick target excitation curves are given. Copper bombarded with 6.3-Mev protons shows two activities of half-lives 38.3±0.5 min. and 235±20 days due to Zn63 and Zn65, respectively. Both must be formed by p-n reactions. The Zn63 positrons have a maximum energy of 2.3±0.15 Mev. Thick target excitation curve shows a threshold proton energy of 4.1±0.1 Mev in good agreement with the energy relations. Average (thick target) cross section for the Cu63(p-n)Zn63 reaction is 0.28×10-25 cm2. For protons of energy 6.1 Mev it is 0.95×10-25 cm.
© 1938 The American Physical Society
URL:
http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.54.1021
DOI:
10.1103/PhysRev.54.1021
PACS:
Types of commercial heat producing reactors
Generation III Reactors
Generation IV Reactors
Thorium Reactors
ASFEE Reactors
Anharmonically Stimulated Fusion with the Emission of Energy (ASFEE) comes from the Italian:
Fusione
Anarmonica Stimolata con
Emisione di Calore (FASEC)
There is
an alternative theory of electronic structure called Density Functional Theory
which is based in which the electron density distribution rather than the
multi-electron wave function plays a central role.
The research of Franco
Bassani lead to the scientific breakthroughs in the photo physics of color centers in ionic crystals, the linear and nonlinear
optical properties of semiconductors and insulating materials and the theory of
excitons and
polaritons
in semiconductor low-dimensional systems.
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