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Friday, June 21, 2013

Adding up the "ands" in the World

The story of “and” and “also”.  I was wondering when "also" became "and", but I kept thinking about  taihuntaihundaukanhund or  10X10=100. Why can't language be like that?

Gothic                   jah  meaning “and”;  auk meaning “also” or "but", aukan meaning "to add", og meaning "I fear"
Finnish                 ja      (gotiikka vaikutus?)
Saxon                    and / ond / und   (various spellings all meaning “and’ as do the others below:)
Old Norsk            ok 
Gutnish                 u  from Gothic "uh"
Old Swedish       oc
Swedish                och
Danish, etc         og         (Norwegian, Icelandic,etc)
English                 and
French                  et
German                und
Italian                   e          (also in Portuguese, Galician, etc.)
Czech                     a          (also in Welsh or Cymraeg)
Swahili                  na
Spanish                 y         (и in Russian, Serbian, Macedonian, etc.;  i in Polish)
Bahasa Melayu   dan      (and in Indonesian)

Etymology of “also”
·         Old English: ēac
·         Middle English: eek, ek
·         Scots: eik, ek
·         English: eke
·         Old Frisian: āk
·         West Frisian: ek
·         Old Saxon: ōk
·         Middle Low German: ôk
·         Low German: ok, ook (generally 'also', but 'and' in Pomeranian dialects due to the influence Swedish exerted during Sweden's occupation of Pomerania)
·         Plautdietsch: uk
·         Old Dutch: ōk, ouk, ouch
·         Middle Dutch: ooc
·         Dutch: ook
·         Afrikaans: ook
·         Old High German: ouh
·         Middle High German: ouch
·         German: auch
·         Yiddish: אויך (oykh)
·         Old Norse: auk, ok meaning “and”
·         Icelandic: og, auk
·         Faroese: og
·         Norwegian: og, òg, au
·         Swedish: och, ock
·         Danish: og
·         Gothic: auk
Latin
et
meaning "and", "also", "for", "but", "however", or "when"
ac
meaning "and"
atque
meaning "and", "and yet", and "and further"
autem
meaning "but", "however", "and", "moreover", and "also"
que
meaning "and", "and lastly", "both ... andas well as", "but", or "or"
necnon
meaning "and"
quod
meaning "because", "and", "fact that", "now," "although", or "whereas"
adque
meaning "and", or "to"
Greek epísi̱s
επίσης
meaning “also”, “too”, “as well”, or “likewise”
επί πλέον
meaning “moreover”, “furthermore”, “also”, or “over and above”
·         Hebrew
conjunction
גַם
also, either, and
אַף
also
וְגַם
also
adverb
כְּמוֹ כֵן
also, likewise, so, too
וְכֵן
also
גַם כֵּן
also, as well, too



Etymology of “and” (note: “and” became confused with “but” in Icelandic and then “than” in Scandinavia)

·         Old English: and, end, ond  meaning “and”
·         Scots: an  meaning “and”
·         English: and
·         Old Frisian: and, ende meaning “and”
·         North Frisian: en
·         West Frisian: en, in
·         Old Saxon: endi meaning “and”
·         Middle Low German: ende, unde
·         Low German: on, un, unde
·         Plautdietsch: un, en
·         Old Dutch: indi, in, enda, ande, anda
·         Middle Dutch: ende, en meaning “and”
·         Dutch: en  meaning “and”
·         Afrikaans: en meaning “and“
·         Old High German: unti, inti, enti, unta
·         German: und  meaning “and“
·         Old Norse: enn
·         Icelandic: enn  (became “en“ meaning “but“)
·         Faroese: enn meaning ”than”
·         Norwegian: enn  meaning “than”
·         Swedish: än  meaning ”than”
·         Danish: end  meaning ”than”
Greek  και meaning ”and”
Hebrew
אֵת
 meaning “and”
גַם
meaning “also”, “either”, or “and”


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