Improve Your Nutrition

Avoiding Junk Food

2012-01-28T16:39:00.001-10:00

An example of good nutritional advice:

An example of bad nutritional advice:

The real reason people are obese is that they cannot tell the difference.

Conclusion:

One way to get proper nutrition is through imitation.
There is obviously no to get an education in nutrition equivalent to someone who has researched it for a lifetime.
Some researchers are recognized as the leading researchers.
Some researchers apply what they preach in their own life.
Some researchers are demonstrably healthy.
My conclusion from all of this is that imitating them is the best way to pursue healthy nutrition. The following video is the best example of this that I could find. If anyone has a better example, please comment. I would appreciate knowing.

The Future of Montana

2012-01-28T14:54:00.000-10:00

I have met many wonderful people from Montana. What interested me about this video is the remarks about Montana.

Collisions with Comets

2012-01-27T18:45:00.000-10:00

There is evidence to suggest that the surface of some comets might contain carbon fullerenes filled with helium-3 and argon. There is also evidence indicating that the upper layer of the coma has temperatures of about 2.5 million degrees. This suggests that in the event of a collision with of the comet with something, these layers might mix producing a nuclear reaction. That much seems obvious to me, but I have not seen any conjectures about the possibility. Hopefully, the Threat Assessment Board has had the National Labs look into it. The carbon fullerenes filled with helium-3 and argon could easily be send to the Labs to explore this. The telltale fullerenes containing helium and argon were extracted from sites in Japan, China and Hungary, where the sedimentary layer at the boundary between the Permian and Triassic periods had been exposed. They have been found all over the U.S.A. in the layer dating to 10,900 B.C. They were also found in the debris from the June 30, 1908 explosion in Tunguska, Siberia. The nanodiamonds encased in carbon do not come from the comet, but rather from tree sap that was vaporized in the oxygen free environment of the explosion.

It has been theorized that 10,900 B.C. event broke up the ice sheet diverting runoff water flow north quickly cooling the oceans by switching of the north Atlantic drift current. In the Permian boundary event, it is theorized that this might have cracked the Earth’s crust causing continent wide volcanic eruptions cooling the Earth over a long period. Perhaps the rapid cooling prevented the total extinction of animals.

Comets

2012-01-26T13:43:00.000-10:00

Some comets were discovered by looking for their X-rayspectrum. About 2000 comets have beendiscovered in total. The X-ray spectrum of a comet arises from bremsstrahlungoccurring in the thin corona boundary (bow shock) of the atmosphere (usually,called the coma) of the comet. The corona is oriented toward the sun. The spectrum corresponds to a temperature of2.5 million degrees. The corresponding effect in the corona of the sunrepresents a temperature of 2 million degrees. This spectrum of the comet and sun isdominated by the ions, i.e., protons, alphas, oxygen ions, etc., emitted from the sun rather than the composition thecorona.

Comets have two tails. Thebluish one, mostly outside human visual range, is generated by the pressure ofthe solar wind on Comet's magnetosphere. The yellowish white one is generated fromdust, carbon dioxide and other volatiles emitted from jets.

Comets may have exploded in the vicinity of the earth. Fullerenes containing noble gases includinghelium-3 and argon have been discovered in the debris layers arising from the majorterrestrial explosions thought to have due to comets. The nonterrestrial isotopic composition of thedebris is the reason that the debris is attributed to comets. Ten years ago, water was found trapped withinsalt crystals in a meteorite. There werebubbles trapped in the water. We arestill waiting for someone for someone to analyze the gas in the bubbles. Amino acids have also been detected in meteorites.

Proton Capture and p-n Reactions

2012-01-25T18:42:00.002-10:00

I was wondering what those 6-7 MEV protons observed by Piantelli would do, since they is much lower than the 14.2 MeV thought to be required for capture. Even if it just a side effect, it is worth knowing. I found this article which seems to provide some answers and may be worth buying:

Phys. Rev. 54, 1021–1025 (1938)

Proton Induced Radioactivities II. Nickel and Copper Targets

Abstract

References

Citing Articles (10)

Page Images

Download:PDF (376 kB) Buy this articleExport:BibTeX or EndNote (RIS)

Charles V. Strain
The University of Rochester, Rochester, New York

Received 14 October 1938; published in the issue dated December 1938

Nickel bombarded with 6.3-Mev protons shows activities of half-lives of 10.5±0.6 min., 3.4±0.3 hr., and 12.8±0.8 hr., corresponding to known periods of Cu⁶², Cu⁶¹ and Cu⁶⁴, respectively. The reactions are principally of the p-n type but there is evidence that in the case of Cu⁶² proton capture occurs at energies below the p-n threshold. The maximum β-ray energies obtained by absorption method are 2.8, 1.2 and 0.68 Mev for Cu⁶², Cu⁶¹ and Cu⁶⁴, respectively. Thick target excitation curves are given. Copper bombarded with 6.3-Mev protons shows two activities of half-lives 38.3±0.5 min. and 235±20 days due to Zn⁶³ and Zn⁶⁵, respectively. Both must be formed by p-n reactions. The Zn⁶³ positrons have a maximum energy of 2.3±0.15 Mev. Thick target excitation curve shows a threshold proton energy of 4.1±0.1 Mev in good agreement with the energy relations. Average (thick target) cross section for the Cu⁶³(p-n)Zn⁶³ reaction is 0.28×10^-25 cm². For protons of energy 6.1 Mev it is 0.95×10^-25 cm.

URL:

http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.54.1021

DOI:

10.1103/PhysRev.54.1021

PACS:

Types of commercial heat producing reactors

2012-01-25T16:27:00.000-10:00

Generation III Reactors

Generation IV Reactors

Thorium Reactors

ASFEE Reactors

Anharmonically Stimulated Fusion with the Emission of Energy (ASFEE) comes from the Italian:

FusioneAnarmonica Stimolata conEmisione di Calore (FASEC)

“Hidden” Momentum of a Steady Current Distribution in a System at “Rest”

There isan alternative theory of electronic structure called Density Functional Theorywhich is based in which the electron density distribution rather than themulti-electron wave function plays a central role.

The research of FrancoBassani lead to the scientific breakthroughs in the photo physics of color centers in ionic crystals, the linear and nonlinearoptical properties of semiconductors and insulating materials and the theory ofexcitons andpolaritonsin semiconductor low-dimensional systems.

Density Functional Theory — an introduction

The 9 Dec. 2011 NASA Slide Show

2012-01-25T01:01:00.000-10:00

http://newenergytimes.com/v2/government/NASA/20111209NASA-Fralick-GRC-LENR-Workshop.pdf

A NASA Patent

Goals of Nuclear Research

2012-01-21T14:54:00.000-10:00

The earliest of the recorded motives for nuclear researchwas the quest to understand the universe. This was followed by a desire toproduce gold. It was supposedly accomplishedby turning mercury into gold using platinum as a catalyst. Diocletian orderedthe ancient Egyptian writings destroyed to prevent this. The sale of gold must be reported, but thereare exceptions like jewelry. This motivationwas followed by the desire to see in the dark. An example would be coating the hands of an analoguewatch or clock with radium. The radiumgas found in basements with unsealed walls and inadequate ventilation is muchmore dangerous.

In the 1920’s, there was the desire to fly by producinghelium for use in dirigibles. The chief methodstried were electrolytic, high voltage discharge and finally using thorium toirradiate paraffin. However, insufficienthelium was produced. Gaseous hydrogen methodsusing nickel, palladium or asbestos were used. C. D. Darwin worked out the mathematics ofelectromagnetic fields involved. This researchalong with Einstein’s Theory immediately prompted research into generating heatand electricity. Finally, the research degenerated into weapon production, U-233bombs, U-235 bombs, plutonium bombs, hydrogen bombs and finally neutron bombs.

Teller observed muon catalyzed fusion in a bubble chamber. Many other types of nuclear reactions wereobserved at less than the expected energy levels. However, research into safe forms of nuclearpower is discouraged by vested interests. Work on the next generation of fast reactors—clean, resource-efficient, waste-reducing reactors—was halted by Congress in September 1994 and the missions of the National Labs were redirected by the Department of Energy.

The nation’s supply of U-233 was consolidated at Oak Ridge. Someis being turned into Zero PowerReactor plates. These and U-233 oxide materials are presently beingdispersed to various facilities. Thoriumreactor advocates claim that this is a waste of the U-233 which could have been usedas a safer nuclear fuel. About 17% of the dangerous waste from a Thoriumreactor would still take about 300 years to decay naturally. The depleteduranium, U-234, is being used for artillery shells that disperse it into the atmospherewhen fired. Enriched uranium, U-235, is used in nuclear reactors with safetyand nuclear proliferation issues arising from the dangerous isotopes produced. One quarter million tons of nuclear waste has beenproduced. Just like the petroleum industry,waste is dispersed or hidden rather than being cleaned up. Calcium supplementation and white bread werepromoted to minimize the intake of radioactive isotopes. In extreme cases whereshort lived isotopes are present, iodine supplementation is needed.

Weyl’s Quantum Principle

2012-01-19T21:43:00.000-10:00

2012-01-18T13:55:00.000-10:00

This is an interview with Andrea Rossi in Bologna, Italy on the 12th of January 2012.

Of the 500 sometheories that attempt to describe the "Cold Fusion" phenomena, Mr.Krivit lists the following:

Bazhutov-Vereshkov Theory

Chubb (Scott) Theory

Chubb ( Talbot) Theory

De Ninno Theory

Fisher Theory

Gareev Theory

Hagelstein Theory

Hora-Miley Theory

Kim-Zubarev Theory

Kirkinskii-Novikov Theory

Kozima Theory

Li Theory

Sinha-Meulenberg Theory

Szpak Theory

Takahashi Theory

Consequently, I planto look elsewhere. The source of the anomalous heat from the E-Cat issupposedly unknown. So, whether it comes from pion decay, mesons, positrons,etc., or whatever reaction type and force, one might as well continue to callit "cold fusion" until this is clarified.

The Brightsen Model and the E-Cat

2012-01-17T23:09:00.000-10:00

To determine nuclear structure, one uses nonlinear spectroscopy to determine the dynamics of the system. However, to use nonlinear spectroscopy, one needs a model of the system.

Do we believe that antimatter nucleon clusters are present as a parton (in the sense of Feynman) in the spacial confinement of the proton?

Do we believe in a close packed sheet model (in the sense of Thompson) or in an icosahedron model?

Do we believe 2-body fusion takes pace or does multibody predominate?

Do we have a self organized critical phenomena?

Do we favor supersymmetric mesons (as extensions of Klein-Gordon) or pions ( in the sense of Brightsen)?

I will study the model of the atomic nucleus by the late nuclear physicist R. Brightsen that views the proton as being the outcome of a quantum superposition of nucleon clusters. One form is to combine a matter [PNP] cluster with an antimatter [N^P^] cluster, where ^ = antimatter. The quantum outcome is a real [P] superposed state bound to an imaginary [NP][N^P^] state. In quark dynamics this resolves into a 6-antiquark bag (d^d^d^u^u^u^) rotating against a 9-quark matter bag (uuuuudddd)--that is, the concept of the nucleon and free quark disappears--the "bags" become the fundamental building blocks of nuclei. It is predicted that formation of colorless pions (d^u) or (u^d) allow for the matter and antimatter bags to bind (via interaction of positive mass and negative mass by gravity and antigravity), leaving (uud) = 1-H-1 (the proton) as the real quantum superposed (unbound) state that we observe. Thus the Brightsen model predicts potential for anti-baryon structure within 1-H-1, plus (important for low energy fusion reactions) that anti-deuteron structure is also part of the internal structure of 1-H-1.

Some are applying this model to analyze the E-Cat:

(This excerpt is from comment 186 on the URL http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2011/12/the_nuclear_physics_of_why_we.php.
It continues the discussion begun in comment 180.)

The Brightsen Model predicts that beta stable isotopes are made of 2-mass nucleon clusters [NP](deuterium) and 3-mass clusters [PNP](He-3); [NPN](H-3 or tritium). Halo clusters [PP] and [NN] also possible and discussed by Brightsen. The selection rule of how to form any isotope is 3 [NP] = 1 [PNP]+ 1{NPN], this is why all isotopes can have many different possible nucleon cluster configurations (they are called isodynes). So, for example, stable 28-Ni-62 can be: 13[NP]+9[NPN]+3[PNP] or equally possible is the isodyne 1[NP]+13[NPN]+7[PNP]...they are both valid quantum probability wavefunctions of what we call 28-Ni-62 isotope. Many other nucleon cluster configurations also are possible for 28-Ni-62, including the presence of antimatter for all three of the fundamental 2 and 3 mass clusters. The way I try to understand the physical situation is to use the Richard Feynman 'sum-over-history' approach. Thus any isotope is the sum-over-history of all quantum nucleon cluster possibilities, the one we measure breaks the symmetry. So, if you ask, which of the many possible Brightsen nucleon cluster configurations represents 28-Ni-62, the Feynman answer is 'all of them'. The possible Brightsen nucleon cluster configurations can be determined for all 4400+ known beta stable and unstable isotopes from Z = 1 to 118.
Concerning the predictions of the Brightsen Model for the Rossi E-Cat, the previous post I made is a prediction based on statements of Mr. Rossi that no radioactive isotopes are present in the ash at the end of any E-Cat reaction. If this is a true statement, then there cannot be radioactive 28-Ni-59 isotope present in the ash, which there must be if there is an initial reaction of [P] from hydrogen gas with stable 28-Ni-58 isotope (e.g., the radioactive 28-Ni-59 would come from beta+ decay of 29-Cu-59, which is the direct byproduct of reaction of proton [P] with 28-Ni-58 in the powder). So, if it is true that there is no radioactive 28-Ni-59 in the ash of the E-Cat, then the Brightsen Model predicts why it is true, it predicts why a reaction of 28-Ni-58 with a proton [P] from hydrogen gas cannot occur, not at a level that would produce significant excess heat in the high MeV range. However, if we found that radioactive 28-Ni-59 is present in the ash of the E-Cat, then I would need to take a second look at the Brightsen Model to see how this might be explained based on the possible nucleon cluster configurations.
Concerning the 30% copper isotopes reported by some to be present in the ash of the E-Cat. If this is true, the Brightsen Model would predict that it is possible without any reaction of hydrogen gas with stable 28-Ni-58 isotope in the initial powder. We can get ~30% copper in ash from reaction with the four other stable Ni isotopes (Ni-60,61,62,64). The Brightsen Model would predict how each of these reactions would be possible, and the predicted byproducts.

The Brightsen Model

2012-01-17T02:32:00.000-10:00

The late Ronald Brightson (Clustron Sciences) presented theoretical and experimental evidence for the validity of his own "Nucleon Cluster Model" (NCM), which predicts that a relatively low-energy photon can promote a nuclear reaction under certain specific conditions. Brightson analyzed the periodicities and systematics of atomic numbers and masses and deduced that all b-stable nuclides are composed of deuterons (NP clusters), tritons (NPN), and He₃(PNP) nuclei.

Brighton's patent application includes a method of remediating nuclear waste by the induction of fission in the radioactive isotopes. The imposition of an external magnetic field that is in resonance with the magnetic moment of a particular nucleon cluster (NP, NPN, PNP) can excite the select cluster (without disturbing other clusters in the target) to burst from the nucleus and perform a transmutation to daughter products of smaller mass and greater stability.

According to his NCM theory, the by-products that will bereleased from the 28-Ni-62 + H reaction will be pure stable 29-Cu-63 isotopeplus neutral pions that will quickly decay (within ~70 nano sec)into low energygamma ray energy that will heat the water within the E-Cat. Positive andnegative pions will also be produced and will be trapped within the walls ofthe E-Cat before they can decay into matter and antimatter neutrinos andelectrons and positrons. Thus the model predicts low energy gamma rays fromdecay of neutral pions are produced within the E-Cat and that this is theenergy that "heats the water". The energy from positive and negativepions that also are produced within the E-cat is absorbed within the metallattice structure of the E-Cat device. If the reaction is conducted overextended time, H gas will interact with the produced 29-Cu-63 to form stable 30Zn 64 isotope. Given that the capture reaction cross section in barns (at~0.025 eV energy) for interaction of H proton with 28-Ni-62 is ~3x greater thaninteraction with 29-Cu-63, no mass 65 Zn isotope is expected in the ash of theE-Cat until all the 28-Ni-62 is depleted.

The Brightsen Model predicts low energy fusion of {Ni-64 + H} and {Ni-62 + H}
will produce stable isotopes of copper (Cu-65 and Cu-63, respectively), with
no release of any radioactive isotopes, but large amount of energy due to a
matter + antimatter cluster fusion. The Brightsen Model predicts that
many different nucleon clusters are present in Ni isotopes, but only
one of them (the deuterium [NP] cluster) is available
outside a closed shell to interact with the hydrogen reactant. This may be
the reason why so little hydrogen is used in the Rossi reaction--it must be
very difficult to get the two required matter and antimatter nucleon
clusters to resonate against each other so as to fuse, one cluster each from
Ni and H.

The Truth about "Cold Fusion" Research

2012-01-16T00:34:00.000-10:00

Link to the University of Cambridge Video

You sometimes find information in places you would never expect. The book,Before the Big Bang: The Origins of the Universe, by Ernest J. Sternglass contains an inspiring history of certain aspects of reseach into "cold fusion" or whatever you choose to call this phenomena.

The History of the Development of the E-Cat

2012-01-14T15:11:00.000-10:00

The following Transcription and Translation of “TEDxBologna – Sergio Focardi – L’E-cat e la fusione nucleare con il Nichel e l’Idrogeno “ is released under Public Domain by its author Mirco Romanato its author.

00:24 The talk I want to do, I’m starting from the origin, is about what today is called Cold Fusion.
00:30 It started around 22 years ago when an American researcher, an American chemist, stated to have produced energy using a nuclear fusion process obtained using Palladium, a metal, and Deuterium, a heavy Hydrogen.
01:00 After this, many started to work on his path, and after 22 years they have not obtained big results.
01:11 For what regard me, with a friend of the Siena University, decided to work in the same way but using Hydrogen and Nickel and obtained a number of results: production of energy by interactions between Hydrogen and Nickel
01:30 Following this I restarted the work with the Engineer Rossi and we started to work on the same path: building system able to produce energy using hydrogen and nickel
01:54 Now, what we can see are the results of this work.
02:07 There are, this is the first picture, this is one of the first experiments done with Engineer Rossi
02:20 And you can see, at right, there is a small red bucket, containing water and some materials and left the hydrogen canister used to put hydrogen inside this capsule where we had put the nickel.
02:50 Heating together nickel and hydrogen we obtained energy and, as result the heating of the water.
02:58 The experiment is, obviously, very crude, because it was not worth, for this experiment to build more refined objects.
03:10 This is the next experiment. This time, instead of the bucket of water, there is that donut-like object to the right where some water circulated and there was the capsule containing nickel and hydrogen.
03:35 The tube you see at the lower right is to bring hydrogen, at the center there is a canister of hydrogen, and in this way we obtained a confirmation about the previous experiment with a cleaner
system than the previous.
03:53 The third picture, it is another, third, method to measure. This time there is a closed circuit. You are able to see well, in the background at the right, the tube, where is inserted the cylinder, again at the right. In the tube some water was circulated. In this cylinder happen this heating process and it is a nuclear reaction between nickel and hydrogen
04:30 and what we observed experimentally was the difference of temperature between the two extremes of the cylinder
04:37 So, the three experiments confirmed that the system was really able to produce energy under the form of heat. We obtained the heating of the water.
05:00 This it was one of the latter objects built by the Engineer Rossi, that take the name of e-cat, where “cat” is a shorthand for catalyzer, that is used usually and currently, to experiment with the reaction between nickel and hydrogen and produce heat. And the heat produced is demonstrated heating water with various devices and this is one example.
05:50 Now, this is the next product built by Engineer Rossi, again based to the same process, similar to a train wagon (NdR a shipping container) but smaller. Inside we see some boxes and everyone is a generator producing the same effects I described before.
06:31 making work together all these elements, we would have 1 MW of power produced
06:45 This was not already started with all the generators together; it will be before the end of this month. At this time we can say there is a change in the sizes we are talking about. But every box we can see is like the old generators we used to react hydrogen and nickel to obtain heat.
07:17 This is clearly a nuclear reaction as in the experiments we did – we are doing them by two years, two years and half, I don’t remember the exact date we started. At the end of the experiment, when we analyze the materials used, the material put in the capsule, that originally was nickel and hydrogen we find again nickel but also copper.
07:57 Now, the copper is the element following nickel on the periodic scale. It is at its side and the nucleus of copper differ from the nucleus of nickel only because it have a single proton more. Proton that was introduced, captured, by the nickel in a process of nuclear reaction. So when we affirm this is a nuclear reaction between nickel and hydrogen, this is another proof it is not a fantastic statement. We have the proofs, because as result in the end copper is formed.
08:43 Now, one of the problems when we talk about these topics is the problem of safety. And, in this case the danger for the safety is the radioactivity, because being a nuclear reaction people foresee radioactivity emitted in the reaction. This is real, but we are lucky this process produce only gamma rays and not neutrons. I must say I pointed to the danger of neutrons from the start with the collaboration with Rossi; and Rossi, obviously, took the measures needed because, if there would be neutrons, the things would be difficult, because neutrons can be shielded but it is not a simple problem. Luckily there are not neutrons. But there are gamma rays. The presence of gamma ray I have experienced directly, in the first experiments in the laboratory Rossi had in Bondeno, because often I did the measures when Rossi was occupied doing his bidding. I, in the first measures used an instrument detecting radioactivity and measured the gamma rays. Not very dangerous, not big compared to the normal background, but anyway present. And it is obvious there was no reason to raise the natural radioactivity level.
10:40 But we never detected neutrons as this was my main fear because neutron are difficult to shield. But hey never showed. The problem of the gamma rays was solved simply adding, around the generators, small sheet of lead that are able to shield the gamma ray. So we can say, there is no risk of radioactivity when we work in this way. This is good not only for us but for when there will be commercial applications.

The MIT Course in Cold Fusion

2012-01-12T21:35:00.000-10:00

After listening to MIT explain that the sticking point with solar technology is finding a way to funnel the profits to the big oil companies, I image the situation with cold fusion is pretty much the same.

Cold Fusion 101: Introduction to Excess Power in Fleischmann-Pons Experiments
Peter Hagelstein
Mon-Fri, Jan 23-27, 30-31, 11am-12:30pm, 4-145, 1/30 class meets in 4-149
No enrollment limit, no advance sign up

Excess power production in the Fleischmann-Pons experiment; lack of confirmation in early negative experiments; theoretical problems and Huizenga's three miracles; physical chemistry of PdD; electrochemistry of PdD; loading requirements on excess power production; the nuclear ash problem and He-4 observations; approaches to theory; screening in PdD; PdD as an energetic particle detector; constraints on the alpha energy from experiment; overview of theoretical approaches; coherent energy exchange between mismatched quantum systems; coherent x-rays in the Karabut experiment and interpretation; excess power in the NiH system; Piantelli experiment; prospects for a new small scale clean nuclear energy technology.

On 1/30 and 1/31 M. Swartz will discuss results he has obtained from a variety of cold fusion experiments he has done over the years. He has observed excess power in PdD and in NiH experiments; typical energy gains in the range of 2-3 are seen, with a few experiments giving higher energy gain; he has carried out a demonstration of his experiment previously at MIT; and energy produced from cold fusion reactions has been used to drive a Stirling engine.
Contact: Peter Hagelstein, plh@mit.edu
Sponsor: Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Surface Plasmon Polaritons in Relation to Cold Fusion

2012-01-12T16:04:00.000-10:00

In the period before heat generation starts in Ni-H cold fusion, photon emission or a burst of gammas is produced lending some credence to the idea that surface plasmon polaritons may be involved in initiating the reaction. I am not sure what they mean by whiskers in the following patent. Do their whiskers include the tubules in sintered nickel? It is so ambiguous, it is hard to see if covers Rossi's E-Cat, Piantelli's stimulation or my hypothetical idea about a metastable graphane state and using nickel nanotubes. Lawyers do not comprehend enough physics to make sense out of patents in any case. I wonder how NASA figured out the significance of carbon. Do they have secret experiments, industrial espionage or are they just guessing? The moral to the story: It is easy to make a proton from a neutron, but getting a neutron from a proton is another matter!

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ZawodnyJmethodforp.pdf

Nature Physics 5, 470 - 474 (2009)
Published online: 17 May 2009 | doi:10.1038/nphys1278

Subject Categories: Quantum physics | Optical physics | Electronics, photonics and device physics

Wave–particle duality of single surface plasmon polaritons

Roman Kolesov¹, Bernhard Grotz¹, Gopalakrishnan Balasubramanian¹, Rainer J. Stöhr¹, Aurélien A. L. Nicolet¹, Philip R. Hemmer², Fedor Jelezko¹ & Jörg Wrachtrup¹

Top

When light interacts with metal surfaces, it excites electrons, which can form propagating excitation waves called surface plasmon polaritons. These collective electronic excitations can produce strong electric fields localized to subwavelength distance scales¹, which makes surface plasmon polaritons interesting for several applications. Many of these potential uses, and in particular those related to quantum networks², require a deep understanding of the fundamental quantum properties of surface plasmon polaritons. Remarkably, these collective electron states preserve many key quantum mechanical properties of the photons used to excite them, including entanglement^3,⁴ and sub-Poissonian statistics⁵. Here, we show that a single-photon source coupled to a silver nanowire excites single surface plasmon polaritons that exhibit both wave and particle properties, similar to those of single photons. Furthermore, the detailed analysis of the spectral interference pattern provides a new method to characterize the dimensions of metallic waveguides with nanometre accuracy.

Top

3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, 77843 College Station, USA

Correspondence to: Fedor Jelezko¹ e-mail: f.jelezko@physik.uni-stuttgart.de

Correspondence to: Jörg Wrachtrup¹ e-mail: wrachtrup@physik.uni-stuttgart.de

Cold Fusion Simply Explained

2012-01-12T14:03:00.001-10:00

The “Cold Fusion” phenomena, as embodied in Rossi’s E-Cat, Piantelli and Defkalion’s devices, is the safest, least expensive, cleanest, and most reliable source of energy yet available for use by mankind. When the reaction is turned off, the emissions of protons, as well as, alpha, beta and gamma rays last only up to twenty minutes. Like the origin of cosmic rays, ferromagnetism, high temperature superconductors, etc., the mechanisms behind the phenomena is not yet understood. Perhaps some day after the physics embodied in these phenomena is understood; more appropriate names will be embraced by the general population. However, the current practice whereby different experimental or theoretical groups give these phenomena their own pet names just adds to the confusion.

Christos Stremmenos' Declaration

Is this a joke?

2012-01-11T13:39:00.000-10:00

Theorem: Spacetimehas two spacelike dimensions at our current location in spacetime.

Proof: Modern day physics is based on Quantum Theory. Quantum Theory is incompatible with gravityin three spacelike dimensions. To describe gravity one must look at the Poincaredual which has one less spacelike dimension, i.e., two rather than three. Hence, the third spacelike dimension isunphysical. Of course, it is possible to use frameworks like the M-theoryframework utilizing additional unphysical dimensions. But this is irrelevant, since at the presenttime, the only realistic theory that utilizes this framework is Quantum Theory. QED (at our current location).

Hypothesis: There must be something wrong with the waymathematics is taught in schools, if some students cannot imagine spacetime ashaving only two dimensions plus time.

Question: How do you visualize the chiral structure of grapheneand time reversal symmetry? Can youvisualize one layer of graphene being deposited on another in such a way as toretain the symmetries, but reduce the propagation speed of the chargeconductors? Can you image graphene beingmade into nanotubes as a two dimension material being transformed into a onedimensional material? Can you imagine a nanoplatelet of graphane oscillatingbetween the annealed and annealed state travelling through a light hydrogenfilled, enriched nickel nanotube? Wouldyou gasp if your best friend asked you these questions? Why???

A little nonsense to amuse myself

2012-01-07T00:31:00.000-10:00

To me, “Swea Rike” sounds like the Gothic, sweareiki, meaning “myown realm”. In Swedish the equivalent would be “Egen Rike”. Where does Sverige come from? It seems like they added a suffix. It reminds me that, in Welsh,they add a suffix to ”cymry” (which means my country or countrymen) yielding “cymraeg”(those who speak our language). Howeverin Swedish, one who speaks the language is “svenska” while Sverige is the country.Likewise, where does Sweden come from? I heard it comes from English. How canthis be? Maybe “den” refers to the lowlands, as it does in Denmark. Maybe, noneof this is true but it helps me to remember the ever changing meanings.

The Swedes have a myth that they conquered the Goths, i.e., gutþiudai meaningGothic people, but it actually was the Getes. Maybe the Swedes were actually the Goths andjust changed their language and invented the myth to fool everyone. They further complicated the situation by forming a myth about being descended from the Getes. Some believe the Swedes are actually descended from the Thracians. In their histories however, the Goths are clear that together with the Greeks, they totally routed the Thracians at the Battle of Troy. Did the Thracians ultimately return to avenge their defeat or is this just another ruse to through us off the track. You may have heard tales of Vikings and suppose that Swedes are descended from them. Just ask a Swede though and they will tell you that Vikings were just a myth. By now, you like I, may not care where they came from, but I do hope they will my little island from time to time.

Another thing that seems odd to me is that “Frizon” remindsme “frijon” in Gothic. What would be abetter name for the largest Christian festival than the Gothic verb meaning “tolove”?

1. Words shown to be Celtic loanwords by the Celtic sound change *

ē > *ī.

īk- ‘king’ (cf. Goth. reiks ‘ruler’), *rīkiją ‘kingdom’ (cf. Goth. reiki, ON ríki, OE rīċe,

OHG

rīhhi) ← PCelt. *rīg- ‘king’ (cf. Gaulish -rīx, -rīg- in names recorded by

Caesar; OIr.

rí, ríg-), *rīgiom ‘kingdom’ (cf. OIr. ríge) < PIE *(H)rēǵ- ‘king’

(cf. Lat. rēx, rēg-, Skt. rā́jā, Rigvedic also rā́ṭ)

2. Words which might be Celtic loans or shared inheritances.

*frijaz ‘free’ (cf. Goth. freis, OE frīo, OHG frī) < *priyos; PCelt. *rios > Welsh rhydd;

both words are reflexes of PIE *priHós ‘dear, beloved’ (cf. Skt. priyás), but the

unexpected semantic development to ‘free’ is peculiar to Germanic and Celtic

Mimmi och Mojje - vampyrernas återkomst

2012-01-06T20:18:00.000-10:00

This is my Swedish lesson for today.Del 7 av 10. Anders och Robins jakt på spöket fortsätter. Tjejerna kommer allt närmre sanningen om huset och vem Buster är. De beslutar sig för att åka tillbaka till huset och rädda Mimmi. Del 8 av 10. Mimmi och Mojje kommer på sanningen om Buster. Frågan är om de kommer kunna övertyga Lisa och stoppa greven för att lyckas med sina onda planer.Del 9 av 10. Mimmi, Mojje och Lisa försöker uppehålla greven medan tjejerna snokar igenom hans kontor.Sista delen. Del 10 av 10. Greven har boken och kan nu när som helst genomföra sin plan. Frågan är om Mimmi och Mojje kommer att lyckas stoppa honom.

An Interview with Andrea Rossi

2012-01-04T19:02:00.000-10:00

I listened to aninterview with Andrea Rossi. He is currentlymanufacturing 1Megawatt units. He hopes to have the smaller home unit certifiedin the U.S. by this fall and is in negotiation with Home depot to market it. Hehopes to have a unit that sells between $1000 and $1500 dollars. He wants to mass produce it in quantity of upto one million units the first year at a price to low for anyone to try tocompete with him. He sees it as an add-onto existing heating and cooling systems. When consumers buy a unit, they can specify who maintains their presentsystem. Rossi's company will thencontact the maintainer with installation info to see if they will install it.If not, his company will find someone else. He is concentrating on marketing it in the U.S. and after that inEurope. He says that original unit willbe upgradable to the features that will become available in later units likegenerating electricity. He thinks thetechnology will be used in boats and ships, but thinks it may take a long timeto reach the automobile. Here is the link to the interview:

http://www.coldfusionnow.org/audio/2011-12-29-Andrea-Rossi.mp3

Today's Swedish Lesson

2012-01-04T18:59:00.000-10:00

HAR EN DRÖM

Har en dröm om att hitta hem och att jag ska välja rätt.
Har en tillit till framtiden som gör min börda lätt.

Det finns en sol som värmar mig när min natt har varit kall och svår.
Och den kärlek jag får av dig, føljar mig vart jag går.

Har en dröm om gemenskapen, att min hand ska nå din hand.
Att vi kämpar för det samma jag, att vi ska hitta fram.

Det finns en sol som värmar mig när min natt har varit kall och svår.
Och den kärlek jag får av dig, føljar mig vart jag går.

Det liv som vi har, ska fargas av ljus och mörka dar.
Och den tid vi har, den är kort men den är vår.

Har en dröm att vi människor lyckas skapa fred en dag.
Visar att det är godheten som är vårt rette jag.

Det finns en sol som värmar mig när min natt har varit kall och svår.
Och den kärlek jag får av dig, føljar mig vart jag går.

Det finns en sol som värmar mig när min natt har varit kall och svår.
Och den kärlek jag får av dig, føljar mig vart jag går.

Jag känner ro
känner ro och tålamod
Det känns som jag är trygg
när jag tänker på allt vi får
Der är nåt mer
än den vackraste dröm jag haft
fast jag inte har møtt dig än

Det finns et liv
det finns en plats som är för mig
den känner jag igen
För då har jag jo kommit hem
Det är ett annat liv
och jag lever för det jag vet
Att du kommer med kärleken
Det är du och jag vet att du finns nånstans
Fast jag inte har møtt dig än

Mitt liv blir helt när du är här
jag går dit du vill
och jag är dig alltid nära

Och jag blir varm
när jag tänker på allt vi är
och vår kärlek som är så stor
Jag är trygg för jag vet hur mitt liv skall bli
Jag vill alltid följa dig
följa dig

Rossi's Patent Application

2012-01-02T14:17:00.000-10:00

U.S. Cold Fusion Patent

Application number: 12/736,193
Publication number: US 2011/0005506 A1
Filing date: Aug 4, 2009

Hungarian Cold Fusion Research

2012-01-02T00:30:00.003-10:00

This is an interview with György Egely recorded on 12 August 2011, in Hungary.

A Brief History of Cold Fusion Research

2011-12-31T18:48:00.001-10:00

Although fusion was not known inthe 1920’s,

Friedrich Adolf Paneth predicted together

with KurtPeters that the sun produced its

energy this way.They even reported the

transformation of hydrogeninto helium by

spontaneous nuclear catalysis atroom temperature

and normal pressure. He comparedthe results obtain from

using various forms of palladium and nickel. The so-called

coldfusion research was used by J. Tandberg to apply for

the first patent on Feb. 17, 1927. Receivedbut not

understood, was the reply from the patent office.

The effect was “rediscovered”more than 60 years

later by Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann.

Oneday after work, John Tandberg did an interesting

experimentin the evening. He had a small wire of the metal

palladium. By electrolysis of heavy water, using thiswire as

cathode,he had saturated it with deuterium in the same way he had

previouslydone with ordinary hydrogen (1927). Consequently, it could

beexpected to contain very densly packed deuterium nuclei.

Hewas now going to blast the wire by letting a condensor battery,

chargedwith a high voltage, discharge through it. This would mean a

suddenvaporization during a violent increase of pressure and

temperature.

Thedensly packed deutrons should get a high energy and there should

begood conditions for violent collisions with nuclear reaction and

fusionas a result. These reactions involve some loss of mass by the

nuclei,so one could expect energy generation according to Einstein's

theory.

Theelectric discharges sounded like powerful shots, but some nuclear

physicaleffect - hard radiation or radioactive residues - could not

bedetected with the equipment John possessed at the time."

A similar experiment was done by SPAWAR in 2011 yielding positive

results two out three times. Then, they were ordered to cease work

in this area.

Ultimately, Adolf Paneth fulfilled the alchemist’s dream: The first

chemical evidence of artificial transmutation was

proven by Paneth and his associate Paul L. Günther.

They used the radiation from thorium to bombard

paraffin resulting in the production of helium.

In contrast to earlier works on transmutation, where

all products were detected physically, in this work,

the amount of helium was large enough to be detected

chemically (1933).

The modern emphasis has shifted to weapons. In the

1940's the Germans patented bombs based on U-233.

The United States used U-235 and plutonium in theirs.

The hope still lives that after all the nuclear disasters, we will

see the light and switch to safer forms of nuclear energy.

French Patent:

FR646856A 1928-11-16 Improvements brought to theprocesses and means for the production of electrical energy

European Patent: EP1551032A1 HYDROGEN CONDENSATE AND METHOD OF GENERATING HEATTHEREWITH

Quenching the Cold Fusion Reaction

2011-12-31T16:42:00.001-10:00

The following methods have been used to quench light hydrogen cold fusion reactions:

Ceasing the generation of phonons or EM radiation that was used to start the reaction.
Lowering the temperature.
separating the reactants.
Adding deuterium.
Adding helium.

Since the reaction generates helium, the reaction will ultimately be quenched unless the helium buildup is removed in some way.

Graphane, Hydrogen and Nickel Papers to Read

2011-12-30T16:30:00.000-10:00

The evolving story of graphene
Aaron Bostwicka, Thomas Seyllerb, Eli Rotenberga, Carsten Enderlein, Yuriy Dedkov,and Karsten Horn

The “carbon rush” to investigate the physics, chemistry, and materials science ofgraphene, the single sheet of sp2-bonded carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice,has not yet abated, although the concept of “massless Dirac Fermions” has beenpreached in most major conferences, and even in the popular press. It is fair to say thatthe basic properties of graphene are quite well known, and as far as the electronicstructure and the general surface science is concerned, the FHI – Erlangen – Berkeleycollaboration has had some part in this, investigating in detail within the last two yearsthe electronic structure (through photoelectron spectroscopy), growth morphology(through low energy electron microscopy1), and optimized layer preparation2. Incooperation with Roland Bennewitz’s group, the friction properties of graphene wereaddressed, and a connection with electron-phonon coupling was made3. Our interest hasturned to the interaction between graphene and adsorbates, both from a“functionalization” point of view, and to study how defects affect its transportproperties4. Hydrogen is a particularly important adsorbate since it converts the bondingin graphene from sp2 to sp3, creating a new material (“graphane”) in which the nature ofthe charge carriers changes completely and the conductivity is greatly reduced.The properties of interfaces between graphene and different substrates will continue tobe addressed in order to find additional viable procedures for large-scale growth oninsulating or electronically totally decoupled substrates. All of the work mentionedabove has been carried out on graphene films prepared on silicon carbide, where it wasdemonstrated that large films with excellent structural perfection can be produced by anex situ process under atmospheric pressure3.

Our interest has also turned to graphenefilms on metal surfaces, particularly ferromagnetic ones, since graphene layers may actas spin filters useful for applications in proposed spintronics devices. Among thepossibilities are sandwich-like structures such as Ni/graphene/Ni, a system with aperfect lattice match. We have shown that the magnetic moment of nickel is partlytransferred to the carbon atoms at the graphene/Ni interface where NEXAFS spectrahave clarified the mechanism of the strong interaction between the Ni substrate and thegraphene monolayer.

References1. T. Ohta, F. E. Gabaly, A. Bostwick, J. L. McChesney, K. V. Emtsev, A. K. Schmid,Th. Seyller, K. Horn, and E. Rotenberg, New J. Phys. 10, 023034 (2007).2. K. V. Emtsev, A. Bostwick, K. Horn, J Jobst, G. L. Kellogg, L. Ley,J. L. McChesney, T. Ohta, S. A. Reshanov, J. Röhrl, E. Rotenberg, A.K. Schmid,D. Waldmann, H. B. Weber, and Th. Seyller, Nature Materials 8, 203 (2009).3. T. Filleter, J. L. McChesney, A. Bostwick, E. Rotenberg, K. V. Emtsev, Th. Seyller,K. Horn, and R. Bennewitz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 086102 (2009).4. A. Bostwick, J. L. McChesney, K. Emtsev, Th. Seyller, K. Horn, S. D. Kevan, andE. Rotenberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 056404 (2009).a Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USAb University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany88

Annual Review of Materials Research

Vol. 36: 555-608 (Volume publication date August 2006)

First published online as a Review in Advance on April 24, 2006

DOI: 10.1146/annurev.matsci.36.090804.094451

A. Pundt and R. Kirchheim

Institut für Materialphysik, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany; email: apundt@ump.gwdg.de, rkirch@ump.gwdg.de

FULL-TEXT| PDF (1192 KB)| Permissions

Citation: Web of Science ® Download| Email notification|

Web of Science ®: Related Records ®| Times Cited: 91

Cost: $20.00
------------------

Lattice strain effects in graphane and partially-hydrogenated graphene sheetsMorris, James R [ORNL]; Averill, Frank [ORNL]; He, Dr. Haiyan [University of Science and Technology of China]; Pan, Dr. Bicai [University of Science and Technology of China]; Cooper, Valentino R [ORNL]; Peng, L. [University of Tennessee]
2010-02-01
This paper presents a brief review of recent developments in the studies of fully hydrogenated graphene sheets, also known as graphane, and related initial results on partially hydrogenated structures. For the fully hydrogenated case, some important discrepancies, specifically whether or not the graphene sheet expands or contracts upon hydrogenation, exist between published first-principles calculations, and between calculations and experiment. The lattice change has important effects on partially hydrogenated structures. In addition, calculations of the interfacial energy must carefully account for the strain energy in neighboring regions: For sufficiently large regions between interfaces, defects at the interface which relieve the strain may be energetically preferable. Our preliminary first-principles calculations of ribbon structures, with interfaces between graphane and graphene regions, indicate that the interfaces do indeed have substantial misfit strains. Similarly, our tight-binding simulations show that at ambient temperatures, segments of graphene sheets may spontaneously combine with atomic hydrogen to form regions of graphane. Here, small amounts of chemisorbed hydrogen distort the graphene layer, due to the lattice misfit, and may induce the adsorption of more hydrogen atoms.
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hydrogen embrittlement of nickel: The effect of hydrogen segregation at grain boundaries

Lassila, D. H.; Birnbaum, H.K. (Univ. of Illinois, Urbana (USA))

The dependence of the fracture mode of hydrogen charged nickel deformed in tension at 77 K on grain boundary segregation has been studied. In the absence of any segregation the fracture mode at 77 K is ductile rupture. It is shown that if a sufficient quantity of hydrogen is segregated at grain boundaries by aging at various temperatures the fracture mode changes from a ductile shear rupture mode to an intergranular mode. The binding enthalpy of hydrogen to nickel grain boundaries is determined based on the dependence of the fracture mode on aging temperature and hydrogen concentration.
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tight-binding molecular dynamics study of the hydrogen-induced structural modifications in tetrahedral amorphous carbon
Ukpong, A. M.
2010-01-01
A tight-binding molecular dynamics study of the structural evolution in tetrahedral amorphous carbon networks under dynamic hydrogen saturation is presented. The incorporation of hydrogen results in higher degrees of network disorder in second-neighbour distances, and initiates orbital re-hybridization that relaxes network stress. Using the simulated structures, numerical tests are performed to verify the effectiveness of a new structural order parameter for tetrahedrally-bonded solids. It is found that the island of accessible information, within the order parameter field shows a linear dependence between the fluctuations in first- and second-nearest-neighbour distances at a preferred orientation of 36°. A comparison with similar studies on hydrogenated amorphous silicon suggests tha...
Electronic Table of Contents (ETOC) (United Kingdom)

Coherence Domains - Water versus negatively charged protium in Ni

2011-12-27T14:46:00.000-10:00

The dynamic phase transitions regions of hydrogen are known to by rather different from the static ones. If Ni is a conductor for negatively charged protium or a meson built of light quarks then its coherence domain dynamics may be analagous to those in water. I found this article. Note the low effective mass (m_eff = 13.6 eV).

Cell Size and Shape by Quantum Models of Water Coherent Domains Dynamics

Preoteasa, EA^1,*; Apostol, MV^2,*

^* National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, RO-077125, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania

¹Correspondence: eugen_preoteasa@yahoo.com

²Correspondence: apoma@theory.nipne.ro entary characteristics of cells (with a few exceptions, of typically 1-100 µm diameter) which place them between the microscopic, quantum world and the macroscopic, classical one. A quantum mechanical model based on Planck’s energy quantization rule and statistics for the electron and proton transfer in cell respiration and oxidative phosphorilation succeeded to explain the empirical allometric relationship connecting size to metabolism [1]. By a different approach, making use of the the low effective mass (m_eff = 13.6 eV) of water coherence domains (CDs) from the QED theory [2, 3] we previously proposed the evaluation of cell size by models based on water CDs Bose-type condensation (supercoherence), on CD translation in a spherical well, and on an isotropic oscillator consisting of two interacting CDs [4]. Although the results matched to relatively small and medium-sized bacteria, our initial models showed limitations with respect to larger cells, and approximated the various shapes of cells only to a spherical one. Here we present new models aiming to deal with larger spherical cells and with disk-like and rod-like cells.

Because the values of the maximum radius a of a spherical cell estimated by the models of spherical well (1.02 µm) and of isotropic oscillator (0.99 µm) showed an excellent agreement, we looked after a combined model – an isotropic two CDs harmonic oscillator enclosed in a spherical box with impenetrable walls, larger than that required only to accommodate the oscillator. The centre of mass of the oscillator of mass 2m_eff performs an independent translation, while the oscillator vibrates as a reduced mass m_eff/2. In a perturbational treatment, the unperturbed energy levels of translation in the box are shifted by the harmonic potential which acts as a small perturbation. Assuming that the difference between the perturbed first two levels exceeds thermal energy, a maximum radius a of the spherical cell of 3.21 ?m at 310 K is obtained (volume 138.6 ?m³). The predicted size matches to larger prokaryotes like Myxobacteria (0.5 – 20 ?m3), Bacillus megaterium (7 – 38 ?m³) and Sphaerotilus natans (6 – 240 ?m³), and also to the smallest eukaryotic cells like yeast, S. cerevisiae (14 – 34 ?m³), unicellular fungi and algae (20 – 50 ?m³), and the erythrocyte (85 ?m³). The disk-like and rod-like cells have in common the axial symmetry, and both can be approached by the model of a cylindrical potential box with impenetrable walls. Along the axis the problem reduces to a linear gap with infinite walls and length a, of energy levels E_n. Around the axis, we were interested only by the radial part of the solution, given by Bessel functions J_l(r), with energy eigenvalues E_lm. The total energy is E_nlm = E_n + E_lm with no immediate restriction to the values of l, m with respect to n. Because J_l(?r_o) = 0, the maximum radius r_o is related to the roots x_lm of J_l(?r). In the case of the disk-like cell, we chose |110> (n = 1) as the ground state, and admit that the transition |110> --> |221> to a higher (n = 2) level is “biologically forbidden,” or thermally unfavourable (E₂₂₁ – E₁₁₀ ? 3/2 k_BT). Using the x₁₀ and x₂₁ roots, we obtain for a thickness a = 1.15 µm, a radius r_o ? 3.8 µm, while a human erythrocyte is 2 µm thick and has a 3.75 µm radius. For the rod-like cell, we postulate that biologically relevant transitions leave unchanged the axial translation energy E_n, ?n = 0. For n = 1, a thermally unfavourable, biologically forbidden transition |1lm> <--> |1l’m’> allows estimation of radius r_o. Choosing |102> ground state, and |102> --> |121> as a “life-forbidden” transition, and using x₀₂ and x₂₁ roots, a radius r_o < 0.28 µm is obtained for a length a = 1,02 µm. The dimensions r_o and a are roughly confirmed for typical and relatively small bacilli. The ratio 2r_o /a = 0.54 of the cell shape fits very well, e.g.: Brucella melitensis (0.5-0.8), Francisella tularensis (0.3-0.7), Yersinia pestis (~ 0.5), E. coli (0.25-0.4). Comparable results are obtained with other couples of states, classified by an empirical “selection rule” for “biologically forbidden” transitions ?(l + m) = 0, ±1.

The results suggest that the dynamics of water CDs in the in the cell, which represent bound quantum systems, are an essential factor in determining the cellular size and shape. It is plausible that evolution selected the size and shape of cells such as to fit the form of potentials and of the CDs’ wavefunctions. However, one can hope that quantum mechanics contains a vast conceptual provision, which could be applied in further water CD models to account for other ultrastructural features of cells.

References

1. Demetrius, L, (2003). Physica A 322: 477.

2. Preparata, G, (1995). QED coherence in matter, World Scientific, Singapore-New Jersey.

3. Del Giudice, E, et al., (1986). Nucl. Phys. B275: 185; (1988) Phys. Rev. Lett. 61: 1085.

1. Preoteasa, EA; Apostol, MV, (2008). arXiv 0812.0275v2 Phys Bio Phys.

Abstract - selected

References

References - selected

Physics Reports
Volume 159, Issue 3, February 1988, Pages 99-199

doi:10.1016/0370-1573(88)90062-2 \| How to Cite or Link Using DOI	Cited By in Scopus (16)
Permissions & Reprints

Spectroscopy of mesons containing light quarks (u, d, s) or gluons

Bernd Diekmann^∗

Purchase

CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Available online 23 September 2002.

Abstract

This paper gives an overview of the increase of experimental knowledge of mesons which are built by light quarks. This naturally includes also those mesonic states containing gluons and those with an exotic internal quark structure such as qq̄-qq̄.
The resulting mesonic “zoo” will be compared with predictions from actual phenomenological ansatzes: e.g. potential models, the bag model, and QCD sum rules, and also more general approaches such as QCD lattice gauge theories.

^∗Present address: Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Fed. Rep. Germany.

2011-12-24T17:48:00.001-10:00

Julkonserten 2010, Falun!

Julkonserten 2010, Falun!

Santa Lucia 2010, Falun

Falun Nya . Julkabarén 2010

SVT

Dalkulla One More Time

2011-12-22T20:53:00.002-10:00

Ariadne daughter of King Minos gave Theseus a clew to findhis way back out of the maze. Clue comesfrom clew which may come from Old English cleowen.Similarly, Kulla in Swedish as in Dalkulla may come from W.Gmc. *kleuwin. The derivation of Dalkulla is clear.It comes from the women singing a song about a “kulla”. I looked up Kulla in theSwedish dictionary and found that it is town in Pakistan. Everyoneknows that Villa Villekulla is the house of PippiLongstocking. The earlier words are conjectured to mean ball and come from the Indo-Europeanword meaning “to Glue” with the rational that the G sound changed to K and theyglued stuff together to get a ball. Notrace of Indo-European has ever been found, of course. However, ancient texts do state that Kulla is responsible for the creation of the the bricks used to restore temples. The clew would not helpedTheseus much if the threads had been glued together. Also Dalkulla in Swedishmeans Dalecarlian woman in English. It iseasier to relate a ball of thread to women and the story of the Minotaur than aball or glue.

A google search gave me this hokum: ”jama kulla Jama kana yokum”. Our cats played with a ball of yarn, but I donot know about other cats. Well maybe I haven't a clue what "clew" means, but still its meaning seams obvious to me. How about you? Am I the only one that notices that all the Dalkullor that come here have a special, magical bracelet inscribed with that word," DALKULLA"? Also, the famous ones like Susanna and Jenny have them.

Dalkulla

Från Wikipedia

Kulla är en populär benämning på en kvinna eller flicka från Dalarna. Den manliga motsvarigheten tillbenämningen är mas.

Ordet kulla kan härledas från kula ett slags sång som tidigare var vanligtbland kvinnorna i Dalarna. När kvinnorna var ensamma med djuren vid fäbodvallarna, sjöng (kulade) de dels för attkommunicera med de andra kvinnorna vid närliggande fäbodar och dels för atthålla rovdjur borta.

Ordet dalkulla är en tautologi eftersomkullor bara finns i Dalarna.

Kranskulla

Från Wikipedia

Kranskulla (efter kulla), är en kvinnlig utdelare av segerkrans i herrklassen i sporttävlingar, till exempelVasaloppet. Den manliga motsvarigheten kallas kransmas. I vasaloppet är det kranskullan som bestämmer om det blir en traditionell målgång med en bekransad segrare eller om vinnaren skall "kransas" efter slutspurten.

Kulla

Från Wikipedia

Kulla är ett vanligt ortnamn både i Sverige och i Finland.

The Old Language

Dansaðu Vindur

tBeware, this translation is by me and I don't speak the language.)

Kuldinn, hann kemur um jólin = Cold, it comes at Christmas
med kolsvarta skugga.= with shadows black as coal.
Krakkarnir kúra í skjóli = Cuddle the kids in the shelter
hjá kerti í glugga. = of a candle in the window.

Ref 1:
Vindur, já dansaðu vindur, = Wind, yes, dance wind
er vetur og kuldi gefa nýjan þrótt. = It’s winter and cold giving new vigor.
Vindur, já dansaðu vindur, = Wind, yes, dance wind
vertu á sveim' um kalda jólanótt. = spread the cold Christmas night.

Núna nístir í snjónum = Now, pierce through the snow by
um nóttina svörtu,= the black of night,
nærast á takti og tónum = feeding the rhythm and tones
titrandi hjörtu. = of a quivering heart.

Ref. 2
Vindur, já dansaðu vindur, = Wind, yes, dance wind!
Að vetri fá börn að finna húsaskjól. = In winter, making children to find shelter.
Vindur, já dansaðu vindur, = Wind, yes, dance wind!
Veturinn færir bœrnum heilög jól. = The winter brings the children Your holy Christmas.

Úti fær vindur að valda = Outside the wind generates
voldugum tónum. = powerful tones.
Núna nötrar af kulda = Now, the night trembles of cold
nóttin í snjónum. = in the snow.

Swedish

English

My Joke for Today

2011-12-19T20:44:00.000-10:00

Wales is to Welsh as Sumer is to Sumerian

Cymry is the name of Wales in Welsh and Ki.EN.GI is the nameof Sumer in Sumerian.

Cymraeg is to Welsh as Ki.EN.GI(R) is to Sumarian.

The Akkadians gave Ki.EN.GI the name Shumeru from which weget Sumer, but no one knows why since it is not a word in their language either.

Like the name KMT for Egypt, there are many imaginativedefinitions. The only obvious thing is that all these languages arose from acommon source.

As verb, KA means to wish or desire. As a noun, it means spirit. Then, came the Towerof Babel and KA means whatever you wish (or KA) it to. Some say horse or land, while others saywhat? Hehe!

If you do no think that is funny, then consider the irony of Obama shutting down the SPAWAR Cold Fusion research which costs pennies while spending close to a trillion dollars by now on a Hot Fusion Reactors which never produce any excess energy.

Experimental Casimir Effect

2011-12-19T20:26:00.000-10:00

Nature Abstract

Observation of the dynamical Casimir effect in a superconducting circuit

Nature

479,

376–379

(17 November 2011)

doi:10.1038/nature10561

Received: 31 August 2011
Accepted: 15 September 2011
Published online: 16 November 2011

One of the most surprising predictions of modern quantum theory is that the vacuum of space is not empty. In fact, quantum theory predicts that it teems with virtual particles flitting in and out of existence. Although initially a curiosity, it was quickly realized that these vacuum fluctuations had measurable consequences—for instance, producing the Lamb shift¹ of atomic spectra and modifying the magnetic moment of the electron². This type of renormalization due to vacuum fluctuations is now central to our understanding of nature. However, these effects provide indirect evidence for the existence of vacuum fluctuations. From early on, it was discussed whether it might be possible to more directly observe the virtual particles that compose the quantum vacuum. Forty years ago, it was suggested³ that a mirror undergoing relativistic motion could convert virtual photons into directly observable real photons. The phenomenon, later termed the dynamical Casimir effect^4, 5, has not been demonstrated previously. Here we observe the dynamical Casimir effect in a superconducting circuit consisting of a coplanar transmission line with a tunable electrical length. The rate of change of the electrical length can be made very fast (a substantial fraction of the speed of light) by modulating the inductance of a superconducting quantum interference device at high frequencies (>10 gigahertz). In addition to observing the creation of real photons, we detect two-mode squeezing in the emitted radiation, which is a signature of the quantum character of the generation process.

Cleaning up Radioactive Cesium

2011-12-15T13:26:00.001-10:00

The Russians want to clean up the Chernobyl area and are doing research in that regard. Download link.

Nickel Hydrogen Batteries

2011-12-15T12:39:00.000-10:00

This is the best book, I have found on the subject of batteries. I always wondered what people actually use for batteries given the junk you find in stores. The technology would doubtless have been very different had people known that graphene exits in free form.

Metastable Graphane hydrogen systems as a cold fusion catalyst

2011-12-13T19:08:00.000-10:00

Background: Graphane has a phase transition fromsemiconductor to metallic. Light atomic hydrogen has ordered, metallic phases.

The system: Thereaction vessel is a cavity containing enriched nickel nanotubes and graphane platelets.The cavity is pressurized with light hydrogen gas. Electrons migrate from the nickel to thehydrogen and graphane platelets. The hydrogen and graphane platelets are sweptinto the magnetic nanotubes.

Destabilizing graphane: Many factors contribute todestabilizing graphane.

1. The excess negative charge on the platelet tendsto pull it apart. Moving through the magnetic field inside the nanotube is alsoa factor.
2. The temperature and pressure are increased tonear the annealing point of graphane. Orbitals may switch back and forth betweensp3 and sp2. The charge carriers may switch to Dirac fermions. The shape of the molecule changes.
3. Energy may be applied to resonate with thegraphane platelets. This may build up until the hydrogen atoms are coherently released.
4. Quantum effects bunch up the platelets andhydrogen.

Principle conjecture: The quantum effect and the multiple types of oscillation induce a local phase changes in the hydrogen. The resulting ordered metallic phase of hydrogen enhances the probability of forming helium-3 while releasing a proton and energy. These trigger the transmutation of the surrounding enriched nickel and the usual observed effects of cold fusion.

The Structure of Graphane

2011-12-11T22:18:00.001-10:00

Link to paper.

At present, the chemical structure of graphane isstill a mystery.

Crystals of graphane possess lowerenthalpy than molecular benzene structures.

Phase transitions from semiconductor to metallic are possible.

A Question for Physicists

2011-12-09T22:17:00.001-10:00

What happens when charged, graphane platelets and lighthydrogen pass through a magnetic nickel nanotube? Wouldn’t they bunch up like elections in avircator and increase the likelihood of four hydrogens combining to producehelium-3, a proton and 7.7MEV? That is my thought for today on the probable nature ofthe “secret catalyst” or trigger for cold fusion. If this were the "secret catalyst", it would imply the need to keep the operating temperature below that of the annealing temperature of graphane in the hydrogen atmosphere used in the reactor.

Hint: We change the sp2 orbitals in graphene platelets to sp3 byadding hydrogen atoms and then add extra electrons to get charged, topologicalinsulators. The resulting platelets and hydrogengas travel through the magnetic field inside a nickel nanotube. How difficult can it be to figure out if theplatelets bunch up like the electrons in a vircator and how this increases thelikelihood of the reaction? Also, do the self-organizing properties of graphene on hydrogeninduce ordered phases in the hydrogen?

A Mechanism for the Production of the Helium-3 Found in Cold Fusion

2011-12-08T12:05:00.001-10:00

Slides Explaining Cold Fusion as Discovered by the Italians

Applications in NASA of Cold Fusion

Old Historical Stuff about Cold Fusion

My Joke for today

2011-12-02T20:04:00.001-10:00

The use of submicron amorphous silicon spheres in the construction of the pyramids of Kufu and Khefern clearly supports the thesis that they are manmade as humans are still using like technology today. However, the absence of reconizable technology in the pyramid of Menkaure may indicate that it is a natural occuring object or made by outer space aliens. Further, Menkaure is the pharoah who upon learning that he had only 6 years to live, left the lights on continuously, so that he could live 12 years in the span of 6. Does this sound like a human?

Home Improvement

2011-12-02T14:13:00.001-10:00

My theory about why we have all the nonsense about the Great Pyramid is that Home Depot, Lowes, etc., don't want you to know how to intelligently build anything. They want you to build with their obsolete junk. The reason it so annoying is that it costs me $60 a gallon via UPS to ship a polymer to Hawaii as opposed to their junk paint. What's more, you cannot even select the color because you would have to buy an absurdly large amount. Also, you cannot strengthen the polymer with graphene, because graphene costs $59 dollar a gram. How absurd it that? See this video about what the pyramids are actually built of.

Cymry

2011-12-01T21:20:00.001-10:00

Pan wyf ar goll a neb yn medru 'nghyrraedd Ar gefnfor gloes a'm calon yn trymhau Dynesaf at y grym sydd yn wastadol Y cariad rhad sy'n diosg unrhyw ofn Dyrchefir fi i mi gael rhodio'n dalsyth Dyrchefir fi i grwydro glannau oes Cryf rwyf fi pan rodiaf yn Dy gwmni Fe weli Di yr hyn na fedra Dyrchefir fi i mi gael rhodion dalsyth Dyrchefir fi i grwydo glannau oes Cryf rwyf fi pan rodiaf yn Dy gwmni Fe weli Di yr hyn na fedra ti

The Coulomb Barrier

2011-12-01T20:09:00.001-10:00

The cross section of the nickel atom is under the conditions of cold fusion is larger than naive calculations would lead you to believe. The reason for this is very simple. The cross section seen by two protons is lower than that seen by one. To figure out the effective cross section one must consider the cross section seen by two, four, and six protons as well as that seen by one. These cross sections are progessively larger, but this is conveniently forgotton by pseudo-critics of cold fusion. The protons are in the range of 6 to 7 Mev. Figure it out for yourself.

Cold Fusion Catalysts

2011-11-30T15:01:00.000-10:00

Link to cold fusion filesHow do you search for potentiators of ordered states in hydrogen using Google Scholar? Rydberg states of hydrogen definitely and maybe Benzene rings are all I have come up with so far. Perhaps the recipe for cold fusion is just to move Rydberg particles of hydrogen suspended on a benzene ring into and out of magnetic, enriched nickel nanotubes within a certain range of temperatures and pressures. Ettore would probably have the solution to some Majorana version of Dirac's equation that explains it all.

Politics

2011-11-30T08:39:00.001-10:00

Technology?

Saving Lives

Education

Saving Industries

Politicians think it is funny that we have a country where "art history and political science majors will work out O.K." and have the right to enslave the rest of the population with their corrupt government.

The joke is at time, 1 hour 4 minutes, into the video.

Near Field Coupling versus the Casimir Force

2011-11-25T13:48:00.000-10:00

Paper on The Casimir effect in microstructured geometries

Paper on Frequency-Selective Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer between Photonic Crystal Slabs: A Computational Approach for Arbitrary Geometries and Materials

On the nano scale, people seem to confuse near field coupling with the Casimir Force. These papers may help end the confusion.

Phase Transitions in Hydrogen

2011-11-24T14:24:00.000-10:00

I found this diagram for hydrogen phase transitions:

I wonder whether the metallic phase transition of hydrogen might be take place when Rydberg, monotonic hydrogen is forced into a 75 Tesla ferromagnetic nickel nanotube and heated a la cold fusion.

Another Point of View on Cold Fusion

2011-11-23T00:30:00.000-10:00

Clean Enenergy From Nano Materials

Majorana particles

2011-11-21T20:28:00.001-10:00

The recent data released by OPERA experiment confirm the superluminal propagation of muonic neutrinos in the Earth’s crust with overall significance of 6.2σ

Particles contacting certain phase boundaries generate Majorana particles which transport the energy through the medium. The boundary between a room temperature superconductor and a topological insulator might be such an instance. The Majorana equation has solutions with imaginary values for the mass indicating superluminal propagation. The energy of the particles is not only proportional to the intrinsic mass time the square of the speed of light, but inversely proportional to the intrinsic spin plus 1/2.

It is known that massive particles that are their own antiparticles, i.e., Majorana particles, can possess only one specific type of multipolar moments---the so-called toroidal moments (anapole moment and multipoles of that). Unlike the familiar charge and magnetic moments, these moments do not directly interact with the (external) static electromagnetic fields but only with the external current, and hence lead to contact interactions. On the other hand, massless Majorana particles, with the exception of those with spin 1/2, do not have any electromagnetic form factor. It is also found that regardless of the spin of the Majorana particle the differential cross section for the production of a Majorana pair by a spin-1 particle at a high-energy electron-positron machine has a unique angular distribution.

Experimental results:

(1) The OPERA result on the order of magnitude of the effective muon-neutrino velocity:

[v μ(10 GeV) − c ]/c ∼ 0.00001.

(2) The supernova SN1987a bound on the effective electron-antineutrino velocity:

v e(10 MeV) − c |/c < ∼ 0.000000001.

(3) The absence of catastrophic energy losses from the vacuum-Cherenkov-type process

μ → μ+Z0 → μ+e−+e+ for the CERN–GranSasso (CNGS) neutrinos, in particular.

(4) The existence of mass-difference neutrino oscillations, which requires nearly equal maximum velocity of the three known flavors

f = (e, μ, tau ) of neutrinos.

(5) The negligible leakage of Lorentz violation in the neutrino sector to the charged-lepton

sector by quantum effects, e.g., loop corrections to the electron propagator.

Practice Makes Perfect

2011-11-18T15:01:00.000-10:00

Duet

Swedish Lysics (the English ones are in the 2008 sing-along version)

Du känner dig som Steve McQueen
när du kör din gamla bil
Och du tror du är lika oåtkomlig som James Dean
I din dröm, är du smart som Columbo och Bogart
Men den enda glimt jag fick av dig
Var en scen på min TV-apparat

Moviestar oh moviestar
Du tror du är en stjärna
Moviestar oh moviestar
Som om du var en moviestar

Du ville va' i ett jetset
Flyga runt i en jumbojet
Så du jobbar ett tag på kontor varje dag
för att få en biljett och ge dig av

Och du for nu till Holloywood,
sökte en framtida karriär
men den fanns inte där
Det är nog dags för dig min vän att
sluta leva som om du var en

Moviestar oh moviestar
Du tror du är en stjärna
Moviestar oh moviestar
Som om du va' en Moviestar

Frusna drömmar,
om hjältar på film som rider bort,
i dimman
utan att förstå, säg vart ska du gå?

Moviestar oh moviestar
Du tror du är en stjärna
Moviestar oh moviestar
Som om du var en stjärna

1975 Practice1976 PerformanceLive from "Allsang på Grensen" 10.July - 20082011 Performance

Best Version (Of course, nobody listens to it!) Anni-Frid Lyngstad och Lena Ericsson körar.

Rossi's Process

2011-11-14T20:19:00.000-10:00

Rossi's comments sounds to me like he is sintering the nickel powder, but others have entirely different interpretations.

“although one might first think “the finer the better” because the finer
the powder the more surface area per volume you get, this is not the case.
Because in order to reach useful reaction rates with hydrogen, the powder
needs to processed in a way that leads to amplified tubercles on the
surface of his nano-powder.

The tubercles are essential in order for the reaction rate to reach levels
high enough for the implied total power output per volume or mass to reach
orders of magnitude kW/kg – this level of power density is required for any
useful application of the process.

Rossi tells that he worked every waking hour for six months straight,
trying dozens of combinations to find the optimal powder size for the
Energy Catalyzer, or E-Cat. He further stresses that specific data about
the final optimal grain size cannot be revealed, but can tell us that the
most efficient grain size is more in the micrometer range rather than the
nanometer range.”

Judicial Swedish Lesson

2011-11-08T15:40:00.001-10:00

Just trying to learn some Swedish. Googles translation seemed faulty, so I am trying my own. Feel free to comment if you know what it really means.

Lagföring, innebär att åklagare vid domstol åtalar för brott, som faller under allmänt åtal. Åtalet ska vara precist presenterat för domstolen och formulerat så att det klart framgår vilket eller vilka brott mot vilken lag som begåtts, hur omfattande brottet är, vilken bevisning åklagaren har för att kunna leda i visa rätten att anklagelserna om brottet ifråga stämmer, samt vilka anspråk, enligt åklagaren, lagen har i påföljdsdelen och vad åklagaren kräver för påföljd i det enskilda fallet.

My translation:

Lagföring means to be an accused in a court of law charged with crimes, which fall under the purview of public prosecution. The indictment must be accurately presented to the court and formulated to clearly frame the act or the violation of the law alleged to have occurred, the extent of the crime, what evidence the prosecutor has to attesting to show that the allegations of the crime in question are true, and what, according to the prosecutor, are the penalties in the law and what sentence the prosecutor pursues in of the case.

Europeisk arresteringsorder är enligt lagen (2003:1156) om överlämnande från Sverige enligt en europeisk arresteringsorder ett rättsligt avgörande, utfärdat av en rättslig myndighet i en medlemsstat i EU, som innebär en begäran om att en rättslig myndighet i en annan sådan stat ska gripa och överlämna en eftersökt person för lagföring eller för verkställighet av en frihetsberövande påföljd.
Även svensk medborgare kan i vissa fall överlämnas.
Ett krav är att det föreligger dubbel straffbarhet, dvs att gärningen är belagd med straff även i Sverige.
I vissa fall kan överlämnande ändå ske enligt 2 kap 2 § 2 st nämligen om brottet finns med på s.k. listan och att gärningen kan medföra fängelse i tre år eller mer enligt den utfärdande medlemsstatens lagstiftning.
Tingsrätten beslutar efter framställning av åklagaren i frågan om överlämnande. Handläggningen ska ske skyndsamt och beslut ska meddelas senast efter trettio dagar, om samtycke föreligger tio dagar.

My translation:
European arrest warrant under the Act (2003:1156) on surrender from Sweden according to a European arrest warrant, a judicial decision issued by a judicial authority in an EU Member State, which means a request for a judicial authority in another such State shall arrest and surrender a requested person for prosecution or for the purpose of executing a custodial sentence.
Although a Swedish citizen in some cases submitted.
One requirement is that there is dual criminality, i.e., that the act is punishable in Sweden.
In some cases, the transmission still be in accordance with Chapter 2 § 22 namely, if the offense is on the prescribed list and that the act can result in imprisonment of three years or more under the issuing Member State.
The district court decides at the request of the prosecutor on the issue of surrender. The treatment must be made promptly and a decision must be notified no later than after thirty days if the agreement is ten days.

Rossi's E-CAT

2011-11-08T02:45:00.001-10:00

Hydrogen is pumped into chamber which contains a catalyst mixed with nickelnanoparticles. It has been suggested that among other things the catalyst might convert the diatomic hydrogen to monatomic. Due to a multi-body effect,electrons tend to migrate from the D orbitals in the nickel to the monatomic hydrogen removing the magnetic field and restoring time reversal symmetry, ⁶²Ni(2⁺) and ⁶⁴Ni(2⁺).Electrostatic attraction pulls the monatomic hydrogen ions into the tubercles in the surface of the nickelnanoparticles enriched with isotopes 62 and 64. When enough accumulate and aresistive heating element increases the temperature and pressure, a phasechange occurs that is signaled by a burst of gamma rays between 50 and 200 KEVSwhich can last up to 20 minutes. The reaction starts at 60-70 degrees Centigrade. Themovement of the ions induces a virtual particle current in the protonconductor. What kind of virtual particles, Ettore? An antibonding surface sp band develops below the Fermi level in thenickel. This facilitates the emission ofelectrons from lower orbitals in the nickel. Thus, effective hydrogen fusionbegins. This is by either h+h yielding he-3 or heavy nickel ion plus proton yielding copperplus alpha. Furthermore, he-3 plus he-3 canyield he-4 along with double proton emission. Likewise iron could yield double proton emission. A string oftransmutations are triggered involving Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl,K, Ca, Mn, and Cr isotopes. Electrons, protons and near infrared radiation arereleased along with another burst of gammas when the reaction stops and thereverse phase change occurs.

These are my interpretations. You might try the following book for a physicist's interpretation:

http://www.consulente-energia.com/cold-fusion-book-secrets-e-cat-by-mario-menichella-secret-ecat-andrea-rossi-focardi-energy-catalyzer.html

Dance Music

2011-11-05T14:12:00.000-10:00

Light Hydrogen Cold Fusion

2011-11-05T14:11:00.000-10:00

Reports on cold fusion using ordinary light hydrogen indicate:
1. A short duration burst of gamma ray is produced when the reaction commences and when it ends.
2. When the reaction is proceeding, the bremsstrahlung is in the near infrared providing useful heat.
3. Helium-3 is produced, as is detected by firing a laser at a sample to free it.
4. Protons are emitted, as detected by tracks in a cloud chamber.
5. Positrons are not emitted, as indicated by the lack of radiation that would be produced from their annihilation.
6. The proton conductor used must be more than 3 nanometers in size. The size of particles used is said to be approximately 10 nanometers.
7. The length of time required for the reaction to turn on increases with rapidly with the length of the proton conductor.
8. A wide spectrum of other transmutations occur, but mostly iron, copper and a little tin.
9. In nickel experiments, special tubules, i.e., defects in the lattice, are manufactured to facilitate the reaction.
10. The nickel used is enriched with more of the heavier isotopes.
11. Pulses are applied to stimulate the process in self-sustaining mode. In non self-sustaining mode, application of current through a resistive element is used to sustain and control the process.
12. Many catalysts have been tried in attempts to facilitate the process. Raney nickel to produce monatomic hydrogen by Dark Light. Alloys of copper, nickel and zirconium have been used by Ames National Laboratory.
13. Boron is said used technical reasons not related to enhancing the reaction.

There are 500 theories about why it works and 500 why it does not. That is probably about the same as for room temperature superconductors. I hope it does not go the way of Texas Instruments Digital Micro-mirror Device from the year 1987. I am still waiting for a laser version that is reliable and costs less than $5999.

Helium-3 in Hydrogen LENR Experiments

2011-11-02T12:51:00.000-10:00

I watched these videos a while ago. Somewhere in one of them there is remark about Helium-3. Someone believes that helium-3 in light water experiments performs a role similar to helium-4 in heavy water and related gaseous phase LENR experiments. Recall the 1996 Nobel prize. It is hypothesized that Majorana virtual particles can be created by marrying a high temperature superconductor with a topological insulator.

A song for today

2011-10-29T00:54:00.000-10:00

James Patterson

2011-10-28T23:03:00.000-10:00

Energy from nickel like Rossi, but not enriched nickel and way back in 1996:

Today's E-CAT Test

2011-10-28T14:50:00.000-10:00

Cold Fusion

2011-10-24T21:15:00.000-10:00

Brev Till Rossi

G Bm
Andrea Rossi jag är ditt fan
C D
du byggde magisk box av bly och järn
G Bm
och fyllde den med lite nickel
C D
jag läste ny tekniks artikel

C G
men några tror att det är scam
E Am
men jag är inte en av däm

D E
för jag vill se en bättre värld
Am D
med fri energi och rent vatten
C G
medan kritikerna knaprar hatten

Det var ju synd med Defkalion
men du var ändå inte värd dom

du tjänar snart en hel biljon
på ekatter med kall fusion

och Rossi du är ej felfri
du visste inte om grekisk ekonomi

för jag vill se en bättre värld...

Video streaming by Ustream

LENR in a Nutshell

2011-10-20T23:07:00.000-10:00

These care just my thoughts based on things I read about LENR. LENR effects occur when a (proton) conductor crystal usually based on nickel or palladium undergoes a phase transition becoming an insulator. The insulator phase is characterized by a uniform energy distribution in the wave function preventing ionic conduction and facilitating Umklapp processes. The size of the crystal lattice determines the ionic tunneling time in the insulator phase. Crystal dimension of 60 nm produce a 3 millisecond tunneling time. Tunneling time increases drastically with larger crystal sizes, i.e., LENR reactions are not observed in a crystal size less than 6 nm. In the insulator phase, gamma rays are absorbed through the coherent quantum Umklapp processes which provide the collective momentum required for LENR and restrict the generated phonons to the surface giving the illusion that the effect is a product of the surface conditions, the so-called Nuclear Active Region. Second order effects such as spellation, neutron emission, etc. obscure the basic phenomena to some people's minds. The phase transition to and from the insulator phase is marked by the release of a burst of gamma rays. The key sustained energy release is maintaining the uniform energy distribution of the wave function. Multiple small reaction chambers are used to help keep the temperature stable and low enough to prevent melting of the alloy. In nickel-hydrogen systems, energy production is in large part due to the beta decay of intermediate transmutation products back into nickel. Final transmutation products include 11% iron, 10% copper and small amounts of tin in the case of the E-CAT which uses a catalyst. Proton release has been detected through the use of cloud chambers. I wonder whether double proton emission and chain reactions occur. Gamma rays from positron annihilation were not detected. I wonder what Preparata and Majorana would say about this, but I presume they are dead. Majorana particles released? Who can doubt it or him! Sakarov would ask if cosmic rays are involved. Does it work a thousand feet underground? Edmund said that Rossi was just looking for a catalyst to combine hydogen with carbon di and monoxide. Rossi says he knew he had something when he burnt his hand. Haha!!

LENR Videos

2011-10-19T17:30:00.000-10:00

A SPAWAR Lecture

A Closed Caption Swedish Lesson

2011-10-10T15:36:00.000-10:00

Engineering with Flair

2011-10-10T11:04:00.001-10:00

Here is the link for the Home E-CAT Case Design Competition: http://peswiki.com/index.php/OS:Cold_Fusion_E-Cat_Case_Design_Competition

My thought on the E-CAT.

2011-10-08T17:15:00.000-10:00

.
The reaction produces 11% Fe, 10% Cu and some Zn.
⁶²Ni to ⁶³Cu (70%) and ⁶⁴NI to ⁶⁵Cu (30%). ⁶⁴Cu decays to ⁶⁴Zn as well as ⁶⁴Ni. Proton-induced reactions on nickel. Chain reaction nickel + proton + gamma yields iron + double proton emission? Effect of electrons migrating from nickel lattice to hydrogen atoms, the Beryllium shielding on the reaction and Mössbauer effect.

Videos on Rossi's E-CAT Test

2011-10-08T12:24:00.000-10:00

link to the original video

Additional LENR Documents

2011-10-07T09:46:00.000-10:00

Low Energy Nuclear Revolution (English version) from Giacomo Guidi on Vimeo.
An engineer and a scientist make a public presentation of a controversial machine. It is a reactor which, apparently, produces a low energy nuclear reaction.

The prototype, called "energy catalyzer", shocks everyone. In the internal chamber a reaction between nanometric granular nickel and hydrogen gas, aided by a secret catalyzer, releases a stunning amount of energy. The demonstration spurs an extremely polarized debate between supporters and skeptics, which resembles the response to the announcement of Fleischmann and Pons in 1989, when they reported to the world the discovery of what became known as "cold fusion".

This film summarizes the main events from the january 14th experiment to the present day and introduces the leading characters. It is released as a promo, to find support to continue following the story to the end, producing a full- legth version before spring 2012.

- Credits -

Produced by: Phizero ( www.phizero.it )

Directed by: Manuel Zani

Scientific Committee by: Ing. Giacomo Guidi

D.o.P: Luca Nervegna

Web: www.phizero.it

Info: lenr@phizero.it

Nyteknik 6-OCT-2011 E-CAT Test Report

Energimyndigheten paper

http://www.brillouinenergy.com/BE25Tec.PPS

BEC

today's reading list

2011-10-06T21:11:00.000-10:00

swedish languge textbook

På svenska! 1 studiebok engelska

På svenska! 1 övningsbok

På svenska! 1 lärobok

Sweden

Korkort English (Swedish Drivers Licence book in english)

Venture Sweden

ABBA and Ted

2011-10-05T14:44:00.000-10:00

TAKE A CHANCE ON ME

Closing Songs

TED

condicio sine qua non (in music)

2011-10-05T13:18:00.000-10:00

This illustrates the difference between the English version of a song and the Swedish and Spanish ones.

The English versions were not exactly hits while the other versions are still popular.

Taken By Surprise

Sommaren är kort

NEVER AGAIN

YA NUNCA MÁS

Windows 8

2011-09-21T21:31:00.000-10:00

Today's Swedish Lesson

2011-09-13T16:46:00.000-10:00

Jul, jul,strålande jul
Glans över vita skogar
Himmelens kronor med gnistrande ljus
Glimmande bågar i alla Guds hus
Psalm som är sjungen från tid till tid
Eviga längtan till ljus och frid
Jul, jul, strålande jul
Glans över vita skogar

Kom, kom, signade jul
Sänk dina vita vingar
Över stridernas blod och larm
Över all suckan ur människobarm
Över de släkten som går till ro
Över de ungas dagande bo
Kom, kom, signade jul
Sänk dina vita vingar

My translation: (maybe it is right or maybe not, but it is definitely better than google and bing.)

Christmas,Christmas, shining Christmas glitter
over white forests,
Heaven's crowns with glistening light,
glimmering frames in all God's house.
A Psalm as is sung from time to time (of)
everlasting longing for lightness and peace.
Christmas, Christmas, shining Christmas, glitter over white forests,

Come, Come, blessed Christmas, lay down your whitewings,
over the battles blood and cry
over all the sights of children
over the generations going to rest (in peace)
over the young (One) who's time now begins.
Come, Come, blessed Christmas, lay down your whitewings...

An English Version of the Song:

Wonderful Peace

English Text: Norman Luboff

Peace, peace, wonderful peace,

Peace to the world is given.

Hushed are the angels, so still is the night.
Then in the East shone a heavenly light.
Join in the chorus, His praises sing!
Glory to God, to the newly born King!
Peace, peace, wonderful peace,
Peace to the world is given!

Peace, peace, bearer of peace,
All of good will receive him.
Holiest of nights, O most wond'rous of days;
Shepherds and kings lift their voices in praise.
Join in the chorus, His praises sing!
Glory to God to the newly born King!
Peace, peace, wonderful peace, Peace to the world is given!

An LENR Paper

2011-09-09T13:49:00.000-10:00

ENERGY GENERATION PROCESS BY MEANS OF THE INTERACTION AMONG HYDROGEN H-ION AND TRANSITION METALS ATOM IN CRYSTAL NANOSTRUCTURES

Author: F. Piantelli - centro IMO - Università di SienaPubblicato negli Atti dell’Accademia dei Fisiocritici - ottobre 2008

Abstract :Up to now, starting from August 1989, we performed many experiments whichput into evidence an anomalous energy production with photon emission withenergy among some keV and some MeV. Moreover tracks of heavy chargedparticles were photographed in a Wilson chamber; they were emitted from themetallic rods used as sample in the experiments after their extraction fromthe cell. In some and exceptional cases, when particular metals were used, asmall neutron emission was found during the anomalous energy production (Auactivation method and 3He counters). The analysis of the samples extractedafter some months of energy production by means of the SEM EDAXtechnique put into evidence the presence of some elements not present in thesample at the beginning of the process. The initial hypothesis (August1989)are based on the H- ion capture from the transition metal nucleus innanostructure crystal lattice. The H- is formed during the interactionbetween the surface of a nano-structure crystal lattice ( like a giant atomwith discreet energy levels) of the transition metal and the H2 moleculesIt is well known that when the size of the atom system is of the order of100 nm or less, the nano-structure crystal lattice like a “giant atom ”(highatomic weight) of transition metal, among other things, looses itscharacteristic band structure and its energetic levels become discreet andsubject to the Pauli antisymmetrization. The observed phenomena (seen alsoin many other labs) can be ascribed to one or more sequential nuclearreactions, which are primed and produced by a H- ion interacting with anatom of whatever metal belonging to one of the four groups of transitionmetals and placed in a nanostructure crystal lattice. The H- ion is afermion of spin ½ ; because of the lattice vibrations (phonons) ofsufficient width and frequency, after the surface absorption, it can gainsuch an energy that it can overcome the energy gap due to the effectivepotential associated to the electronic density (N(r) function) and it cansubstitute an electron of the “giant atom ” and subsequently, overcoming another energy gap, it can substitute an atom metal electron of thenano-structure crystal. At this point, as in the case of mesic, muonic andhyperonic atoms [μ-(mμ/me206.77), π-(mπ/me273.13), Κ-(mΚ/me 966.113), Σ-(mΣ/me 2343.377)], it aims at a lower level and it can penetrate the deeperlayers with Auger electrons and high energy Xrays emission. Since the H-mass is 1836(+2) times greater than the electronmass, the Bohr radius for H- becomes comparable with the nucleus radius; asa consequence it is possible its expulsion as a proton or a followingcapture of the H- by the nucleus, after loosing the two electrons during theinteraction. The activation energy necessary to get over the potentialbarriers for orbital capture, can be supplied by reticular vibrations andelectron plasma vibrations; these vibrations are increased when thetemperature is over the anarmonicity level (Debye TD). Theobservation of the X rays emission is a proof of the fall in the deeperlevels. The proton expulsion (proved in a Wilson camera) with sufficientenergy makes possible a nuclear interaction with a different nucleus; as aconsequence a nuclear reaction may take place. Among possible reactions someare proton dependent and they can produce g emission, α particles andsometimes also neutrons; in this way other secondary nuclear reactions cantake place with nuclei of the same metal or with other elements present inthe active core ( as impurities or previously absorbed). The α particles notproducing nuclear reactions loose their energy by scattering and they becomeneutral He atoms after catching two electrons. Neutrons coming fromsecondary reactions triggered by protons or α particles andproton-deuteron reactions may explain the low amount of Tritium and Li. Infact if these (few) neutrons and some expelled protons and α interact withthe Deuterium nuclei, present as impurity, they can produce also the . Thedescribedg and d+α=6Li+g,d+p=3He+greaction d+n=T+ phenomenamay happen also for the four groups of transition metals. The Tritium, Liand He production is more probable for the second, third and fourth groupsof transition metals

LTI in Florida

2011-09-05T21:07:00.000-10:00

I love seeing BCS, Dirac particles and plasmoids in condensed matter. Ampenergo of Ohio says it does care about the going after the low hanging fruit. No energy for us. The business plan is replace the canister of enriched N-62 and N-64 every six months for a fee whether it needs it or not.Lawrenceville Plasma Physics's experimental test is due early next year. They are in New Jersey.

Gothic Language Lesson (Love)

2011-09-05T16:13:00.000-10:00

Here is some gothic with the usual definitions. Freidjan is a verb meaning to take care of. Freihan is noun meaning freedom. Freis is an adjective meaning free. Friaþwa is an adjective meaning "showing love". Friaþwa is a n.str.fem meaning love or charity. Frijei is a noun meaning freedom. Frijōn is a verb, weak.II meaning to love. Frijondi is a feminine noun meaning (female or my) friend.. Frijonds is a masculine noun meaning friend. Ga-friþōn is a verb meaning to make peace between. Sáiwalafrijondi is a noun meaning my soul mate, "mina själsfrände" in Swedish. In gothic there are no spaces between "words". "I am a friend" is imfrijonds. No need for an apostrophe between the "I" an the "m", because there is no word, "am". Who needs it anyway? .I thought learning a little Gothic would help me understand the differences between English and Swedish. Most of the differences seem to be words like am and sheep that did not exist a couple millennia ago. For more information see: A Comparative Glossary of the Gothic Language by G. H. BalgTo study the Gothic language see: A Primer of the Gothic Language

Hairdeis

2011-08-30T12:26:00.004-10:00

The earliest example of writing in a "Germanic" language is the Bible. (Translator died 381 A.D.) Look at Chapter 10 of the book of John:

Amenamenqiþaizwis:saeiinnniatgaggiþþairhdauringardanlambe:aksteigiþaljaþro:sah hliftusistjahwaidedja. iþsainngaggandsþairhdaurhairdeisistlambe.

This is much closer to way people still speak than the usual translation. We say amen not verily. Lamb garden is more understandable than sheepfold and so on.

Usual translation: Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that entereth not by the door into the sheepfold, but climbeth up some other way, the same is a thief and a robber. But he that entereth in by the door is the shepherd of the sheep.

Likewise, reading Voltaire is much easier than reading approved French.

Hairdeis became “Sceapa hyrde” in Saxon and Shepherd, Swineherd, Goatherd, Neatherd, etc. in English because of the Aristotelian tradition of trying to create a word for everything. Putting spaces between words became the start of endless confusion in the language. With the advent of computers, mathematics and science you would think they would see the errors of their ways. But, no they simply create more specialized languages so people cannot communicate with each other. It is a joy to read the New Testament before the spaces were added. Grammar became more important than meaning. In English, hairdeis has for the most part been replaced by manager because of the connotations of sheep and herder. Gothic did not have this problem being so civilized; the word for sheep simply does not exist and you have the inherently good connotation of hairdeis since Gothic is a synthetic language. What does hairdeis mean? Read a book written before they started putting the silly spaces between words and you can begin at last to understand the meaning of your language.

Silent Night in Swedish

2011-08-30T00:33:00.002-10:00

Swedish dialogue

2011-08-28T20:33:00.003-10:00

Rossi reminds me of Mr. Diggiloo, if you know what I mean.

Lotta på Liseberg - Del 1

2011-06-20T20:39:00.004-10:00

Direkt från Liseberg i Göteborg bjuder Lotta Engberg på allsång och kända artister uppträder Alexander Rybak, Orup, Loa Falkman och Sanna Nielsen.

måndag 20 juni 2011

Fritt tillgängligt 6 dagar till

Trassel

2011-06-05T22:19:00.004-10:00

When will my life begin

I see the light

I've got a dream

Lotta på Liseberg

2011-06-05T21:43:00.003-10:00

Sommarens gäster

20 juni: Alexander Rybak, Orup, Loa Falkman och Sanna Nielsen.

27 juni: Christer Sjögren, Thomas Di Leva, Ola och Jörgen Mörnbäck.

4 juni: Malena Ernman, The Poodles och Swingfly featuring Pauline.

11 juni: Jessica Andersson, Charlotte Perrelli, Linda Pritchard och Alcazar.

18 juni: Jenny Silver, Jack Vreeswijk, Ann-Louise Hanson, Josefin Glenmark och Brolle.

25 juni: Lill Lindfors, Ulrik Munther och Martin Rolinski.

1 augusti: Danny, Arja Saijonmaa, dessutom medverkar den danska gruppen A friend in London, den finska artisten Paradise Oskar och den norska sångerskan Stella Mwangi, som alla tre har vunnit sina länders respektive uttagningar till Eurovision song contest 2011.

8 augusti: Eric Saade, Tomas Ledin, Thomas Petersson och September.

Jenny och Sanna

2011-04-12T22:13:00.006-10:00

Systrar Sanna och Jenny Kallur är tillbaka. Båda två har återhämtat sig efter diverse skador och räknar med att tävla till sommaren. Hör de berätta i TV4-as Nyhetsmorgon Söndag.

Graphene with a twist

2011-03-31T11:52:00.000-10:00

Credit: A. Luican et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. (2011)
Single-Layer Behavior and Its Breakdown in Twisted Graphene Layers
A. Luican, Guohong Li, A. Reina, J. Kong, R. R. Nair, K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, and E. Y. Andrei

Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 126802 (Published March 21, 2011)

Graphene

Stacks of graphene are expected to possess drastically different electronic properties compared to their single-layer components, as a result of interlayer coupling. Theory dictates that graphene’s massless low-energy excitations should disappear, even for the simple bilayer structure. However, experiments have shown that, paradoxically, the electronic properties of single layers somehow survive in layered structures. Theorists have suggested that a relative rotation of one layer with respect to the one below it—a “twist” in the stacking—might be the resolution of the paradox.

Now, in a paper appearing in Physical Review Letters, Adina Luican and collaborators from Rutgers University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, both in the US, and the University of Manchester, UK, provide experimental proof of the influence of twisting on the band structure of bilayer graphene. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, the researchers find that for twist angles above 20°, the electronic properties of the twisted layers are practically indistinguishable from those of single-layer graphene. Based on their measurements, Luican et al. conclude that at small angles, the massless Dirac fermion picture of graphene breaks down and the electronic spectrum is dominated by a saddle point feature, while at large rotation angles, the intersection point in the spectrum shifts to irrelevant high energies and the familiar Dirac energy dispersion is recovered. – Alexios Klironomos

Gänget peppar

2011-03-30T11:29:00.002-10:00

Improve Your Nutrition

Avoiding Junk Food

The Future of Montana

Collisions with Comets

Comets

Proton Capture and p-n Reactions

Phys. Rev. 54, 1021–1025 (1938)

Proton Induced Radioactivities II. Nickel and Copper Targets

Types of commercial heat producing reactors

The 9 Dec. 2011 NASA Slide Show

Goals of Nuclear Research

Weyl’s Quantum Principle

The Brightsen Model and the E-Cat

The Brightsen Model

The Truth about "Cold Fusion" Research

The History of the Development of the E-Cat

The MIT Course in Cold Fusion

Surface Plasmon Polaritons in Relation to Cold Fusion

Letter abstract

Wave–particle duality of single surface plasmon polaritons

Cold Fusion Simply Explained

Is this a joke?

A little nonsense to amuse myself

Mimmi och Mojje - vampyrernas återkomst

An Interview with Andrea Rossi

Today's Swedish Lesson

Rossi's Patent Application

Hungarian Cold Fusion Research

A Brief History of Cold Fusion Research

Quenching the Cold Fusion Reaction

Graphane, Hydrogen and Nickel Papers to Read

Annual Review of Materials Research

Coherence Domains - Water versus negatively charged protium in Ni

Abstract

Santa Lucia 2010, Falun

Dalkulla One More Time

Kranskulla

Från Wikipedia

Kulla

Från Wikipedia

My Joke for Today

Experimental Casimir Effect

Cleaning up Radioactive Cesium

Nickel Hydrogen Batteries

Metastable Graphane hydrogen systems as a cold fusion catalyst

The Structure of Graphane

A Question for Physicists

A Mechanism for the Production of the Helium-3 Found in Cold Fusion

My Joke for today

Home Improvement

Cymry

The Coulomb Barrier

Cold Fusion Catalysts

Politics

Near Field Coupling versus the Casimir Force

Phase Transitions in Hydrogen

Another Point of View on Cold Fusion

Majorana particles

Practice Makes Perfect

Rossi's Process

Judicial Swedish Lesson

Rossi's E-CAT

Dance Music

Light Hydrogen Cold Fusion

Helium-3 in Hydrogen LENR Experiments

A song for today

James Patterson

Today's E-CAT Test

Cold Fusion

LENR in a Nutshell

LENR Videos

A Closed Caption Swedish Lesson

Engineering with Flair

My thought on the E-CAT.

Videos on Rossi's E-CAT Test

Additional LENR Documents

today's reading list

På svenska! 1 studiebok engelska

På svenska! 1 övningsbok

Sweden